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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  'or  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Note*  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  fllniing.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibiiographicaily  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


n 


D 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I   Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pellicula 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I   Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


|~~|   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RellA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certalnes  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais.  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At6  f  ilmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  mellleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sent  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibiiographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reprodulte,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  f ilmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


I     I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimt  au  taux  de  reduction  indlquA  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


□   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellicultes 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicoiortes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6ss 


The  c 
tothf 


Their 
possil 
ofth« 
filmin 


Origin 
begini 
the  la 
sion, 
other 
first 
sion, 
or  illu 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigale  de  I'impresslon 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partlellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  la 
shall  c 
TINUE 
which 

IMaps, 
differe 
entirel 
beginn 
right  a 
require 
methoi 


»lair« 
)s  dAtails 
ques  du 
nt  modifier 
(iger  une 
i«  fiimage 


The  copy  filmed  here  hae  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library 

Indian  and  Nortliam  Affairs 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  ir^  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


d/ 

1U68S 


L'exemplaire  film*  f ut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Biblioth«qua 

Aftairas  indiannas  at  du  Nord 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettett  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sent  filmte  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'lllustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'lllustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


aire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  has,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessalre.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
lllustrent  la  mAthode. 


by  errata 
ned  to 

lent 

une  peiure, 
apon  it 


1  2  3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

U0  tie  Cape  UntoaExpuHtiu  it  ntpntint  tht  SuhjtS  of  mfl  Cmvtr/f'SoH,  'lu't  htf^  ibi' 
tki^Hg  Jiratght  '(rtmgb  os  it  it,  far  -Mant  of  nti  Etifrmitrt  btrt)  lui/i  bt  atceptabU  to  nr 
^T^rt  i   at  it  nviU/trvt  to  give  tbem  an  ItUa  of  tbe  S Irengtb-and  Xilualim  of  tbeTotim  now  h 
fMigeJ  iy  etir  Foreet,  ant/ render  the  Newt  we  receive  from  tbetiee  more  in*e//igib/e.  a 

*L  P  LA  N  of  the  Town  and  Hirbour  of   L  O  UIS  BURG.  i 


^^■'i;M^-2n 


lA  .•.•\..x  ■  > 


L-y^"* 


'C6;v 


^ 


:-^  >>-/V 


i.-■,;...^rf:..-;u.»■^>■.•^>*■-r^^..  ,■  /    ■-—■■rr.-Lj-ra=r-— ■•--<— i; 


i 


f^V  EXPLANATION.  , 

;  |;  The  Idkad  BKtlenr^  at  the  Mootb  of  the  Harbour.  motfUttngs^Guos,  —  Pounders.    This , 
I V '.     Battery  am  rake  Shipi  fore  and  aft  before  they  oome  to  tHe  Harbour's  Mouth,    and  take  ^ 
r^*"      tkan  in  the  Side  as  they  are  paffing  in. 
n;>.<  The  Graad  Battery,  of  36  Forty  two  Pounders,  planted  nght  againft  the  Mouth  of  the  Har« 

;^^^'      bourj^nd  can  rake  Ships  fore  and  aft  as  they  enter.  ^'  .       .      j 

i!|\  The  t^Mva  N.'EaH'Battery.  which  mounts  1 8  Twenty  four  Pounden  oh  two  Face^.  which/- 

r">  can  |4|iyoit>tho<Shipatt'ibM  at  they  have  entered  the  Harbour.  ' 

4'.'TboD'«nt'tane4Dr^ilKnUr  Battery,  which  mounts  16  Twenty  four  Pounden,  ftands  on  high 
^  Growid,  and  overlooks  all^  the  Works.    This  Battery  can  alfo  gaul  Ships,  as  foon  as  they  ' 
%"     enter  diOjHarbbor.  .  ' 

l^i  Thice  Fhnicfi' mounting  t  Eighteen  Pounders  each. 

6,  A-Xnall  B«tery,  which  mOantt  8  Nine  Pounders.     All  thefe-Gun;  command  any  Ship  in  the 
Harbour. 

y.  The  Fort  or  Citadel,  fortified  diftin£l!y  from  the  Town,  in  which  the  Governor  lives. 

8.  A  Rock,  ailed  the  Barftl.  *      1 

!  T  The  Center  of  the  Town.      L    The  Light  Houfe.  .    ,>. 

'.  Every  Baftion  of  the  Town  Wall  has  Embrafures  or  Ports  for  the  Numter  of  Guns  to  defend  the 
Land  Side.    The  black  Strbkes  drawn  from  the  feveral  Batteries,  (hew  (he  Lines  ia  which- 
fi['      the  Shot  may  be  direded.    . 


»'i#>"*" 


\ 


FACSIMILE  FROM  THE  NEW  YORK  WEEKLY  POST  BOY,  JUNE  10th  1748. 
MADE  FOR  THE  SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS.  THE  MEMORIAL  IS  LO- 
CATED AT  THE  POINT  OF  THE  KINGS  BASTION  OR  CITADEL,  7  ON  PLAN. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE 


ON 


LOUISBOURG    MEMORIAL 


NEW  YORK 
1896 


NATIONAL  PARKS  BRANCH 

FORTRESS  OF  LOU5SBOURG 
RESTORATION  SECTION 


F 

S660  *S/ 


. 


A 


REPORT  OF  THE    COMMITTEE    ON 
LOUISBOURG    MEMORIAL, 

Unveiled  June  17,  1895. 

general  committee. 

HowLAND  Pell,  Chairman,  Lord's  Court  Bldg.,  New  York. 

Madison  Grant,  Secretary,  i8  Exchange  Place,  New  York. 

Satterlee  Swartwout,  Treasurer,  Stamford,  Conn. 

S.  Victor  Constant,  New  York. 

Walter  K.  Watkins,  Massachusetts. 

George  Cuthbert  Gillespie,  Pennsylvania. 

John  Appleton  Wilson,  Maryland. 

Gen.  R.  N.  Batchelder,  U.S.A.,  District  of  Columbia. 

Dr.  Charles  Samuel  Ward,  Connecticut. 

Malcolm  Macdonald,  New  Jersey. 

John  Grant  Norton,  Vermont. 

Franklin  Senter  Frisbie,  New  Hampshire. 

George  Eltweed  Pomeroy,  Ohio. 

Walter  Channing  Wyman,  Illinois. 

AUXILIARY   COMMITTEES. 
New  York  Society. 


Frederic  H.  Betts, 
J.  Augustus  Johnson, 
William  Ives  Washburn, 


Clarence  W.  Bowen, 
Anson  Phelps  Stokes, 
William  H.  Young. 


Massachusetts  Society. 

Walter  Gilman  Page,  John  Anthony  Remick, 

Arthur  j.  C.  Sowden. 

Pennsylvania  Society, 

Francis  Olcott  Allen,  Franklin  Platt, 

Charles  Henry  Jones. 
iii 


i  'H 
'  •  I 

!  If 


Vermont  Society. 

His  Excellency  Governor  Woodbury, 

Gen.  Julius  J.  Estey, 

Col.  Edward  A.  Chittenden, 

Col.  Charles  S.  Forbes. 

New  Hampshire  Society. 

Col.  Henry  Oakes  Kent,  U.S.V., 
Rev.  Charles  Langdon  Tappan, 
Charles  Frederick  Bacon  Philbrook, 
William  Lithgow  Willey,  S.D. 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 

Rev.  John  Forrest,  D.D.,  J.  J.  Stewart, 

Hon.  D.  H.  Ingraham,  Capt.  J.  Taylor  Wood, 

Hon.  a.  G.  Jones,  J.  T.  Wylde, 

W.  H.  Hill,  F.  Blake  Crofton,  Secre- 

tary. 

Sydney,  Cape  Breton. 

A.  J.  McDonald,  Mayor  of  Sydney,    Kenneth  McKinnon, 
Jos.  H.  Hearn,  Recorder,  Secretary,  Angus  G.  McLean. 

Louishourg,  Cape  Breton. 

H.  C.  V.  Le  Vatte,  Chairman,        Wm.  W.  Lewis, 
Rev.  T.  Eraser  Draper,  Roderick  McDonald, 

Neil  J.  Townsend,  James  McPhee,  Treasurer, 

Charles  R.  Mitchell,  Edward  S.  McAlpine,  Sec- 

retary. 


'' 


I    !■ 


'. 


.\ 


IV 


■M.. 


CAMP  COLOUR.  BORN  AT  THE  SIEGE  OF  LOUIS- 
BOURG,  1745.  EXPEDITION  UNDER  SIR  WILLIAM 
PEPPERRELL.  PRESENTED  TO  THE  NEW  YORK  HIS- 
TORICAL SOCIETY  BY  JOHN  STARK."  A  FAC-SIMILE 
OF  THE  ORIGINAL,  MADE  BY  PERMISSION  FOR  THE 
SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS  IN  THE  STATE  OF 
NEW  YORK. 


I.'      f 


.M 


Oi 


\i   . 


'A 


I 


1 


( 


1 


(li 


f 


1 


REPORT. 


The  Committee  on  Louisbourg  Memorial  have  pleas- 
ure in  reporting  that  their  labors  have  been  brought  to  a  suc- 
cessful termination  by  the  unveiling  of  a  handsome  granite 
monument  at  Louisbourg,  Cape  Breton,  on  June  17,  1895, 
the  one  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  capture  of 
the  fortress  by  the  New  England  forces  under  Pepperrell, 
assisted  by  the  British  fleet  under  Warren.  The  committee 
beg  to  express  their  thanks  for  the  generous  subscriptions 
received  from  the  members  and  from  the  following  State 
societies:  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Jersey,  Vermont,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  the 
General  Society.  The  committee  also  wish  to  express  their 
appreciation  of  the  services  rendered  by  Mr.  William  Ged- 
ney  Beatty,  of  the  New  York  Society,  the  architect  of  the 
monument,  to  whom  the  Society  is  greatly  indebted  for  the 
success  of  the  undertaking.  A  commemorative  medal  was 
struck  off  from  the  metal  of  an  old  bronze  cannon  found  in 
the  wreck  of  a  French  frigate,  supposed  to  be  "  Le  Celfebre," 
sunk  in  Louisbourg  harbor.  Medals  in  suitable  cases  were 
presented  to  the  Queen  of  England,  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  Governor-General  of  Canada. 

The  description  of  the  ceremonies  attending  the  unveiling 
of  the  monument  commences  with  the  reception  given  to 
the  Society  by  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society,  in  the 
Council  Chamber  of  the  Provincial  Building  at  Halifax,  on 
the  evening  of  June  14th.  Many  members  of  the  Historical 
Society  and  their  friends  were  present,  and  after  a  number 
of  informal  speeches  from  the  hosts  and  guests,  the  meeting 
adjourned  to  enjoy  a  collation.  The  Society's  flags  were 
displayed  and  attracted  much  interest,  especially  the  fac- 
simile of  the  **  Louisbourg  Camp  Colour." 

Upon  their  arrival  in  Halifax,  the  members  of  the  Society 

V 


APPENDIX. 


were  honored  by  receiving  cards  from  the  Committee  for  the 
Halifax  Club  and  from  the  Commodore  of  the  Royal  Nova 
Scotia  Yacht  Squadron,  extending  the  privileges  of  their 
houses. 

On  the  morning  of  the  fifteenth,  two  special  sleeping-cars 
were  attached  to  the  regular  train  for  Sydney,  Cape  Breton, 
one  for  His  Honor,  Lieutenant-Governor  Daly,  and  party, 
and  one  for  the  members  of  the  Society  and  the  delegation 
from  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society.  Sunday  was  spent 
at  Sydney,  and  on  Monday,  June  17th,  the  party  proceeded  by 
rail  to  Louisbourg,  reaching  there  at  eleven  o'clock.  The 
Dominion  Coal  Company  formally  opened  their  railroad  from 
Sydney  to  Louisbourg  for  the  celebration,  and  furnished 
transportation  for  the  Society  and  their  guests.  They  ran 
two  passenger  trains,  carrying  about  twelve  hundred  persons, 
and  as  many  more  reached  the  scene  by  driving,  by  boats, 
and  on  foot.  Arriving  at  the  terminus  of  the  railroad,  the 
Society  and  their  guests  were  driven  around  the  bay  past  the 
ruins  of  the  Grand  Battery  to  the  old  fortress,  in  carriages 
provided  by  the  Louisbourg  Auxiliary  Committee.  Her 
Britannic  Majesty's  ship  "Canada,"  the  Dominion  cruiser 
"  Curlew,"  and  merchant  vessels  anchored  in  the  harbor 
displayed  their  colors,  the  "  Canada  "  being  dressed  in  bunt- 
ing from  stem  to  stern.  Flags  were  also  flying  over  many 
houses  in  the  town,  and  the  streets  filled  with  people,  as  the 
event  was  a  great  gala  day  for  Louisbourg  and  vicinity. 
Many  of  the  churches  held  bazaars,  and,  near  the  site  of  the 
monument,  tents  and  platforms  were  erected,  where  the  lads 
and  lassies  were  dancing  to  the  inspiring  music  of  bagpipes. 
Captain  Wilson,  R.N.,  and  officers  from  H.M.S.  "Can- 
ada," met  Governor  Daly  at  the  train  and  conveyed  him 
and  the  ladies  of  the  party  on  board  the  ship.  At  11.45  the 
Governor  left  the  ship,  receiving  a  salute  of  eleven  guns, 
and  proceeded  to  the  old  town,  where  he  was  escorted  by  the 
members  and  their  guests  to  inspect  the  ancient  fortress. 
At  one  o'clock  the  party  were  entertained  at  luncheon  in  a 
large  marquee  by  the  Louisbourg  Committee.  After  lunch  a 
procession  was  formed  as  follows.  Col.  James  M.  Whitte- 
more,  U.S.A.,  being  placed  in  command: 

vi 


\ 


f  ^  ^^^- 


I') 


b 


i|n 


APPENDIX. 

Sydney  Cornet  Band — 25  pieces. 

His  Honor  Lieutenant-Governor  Daly. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Clerke,  R.A.,  A.D.C. 

Captain  Wilson  and  officers  of  H.M.S.  "Canada." 

Delegation  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society. 

United  States  and  English  colors. 

Facsimile  of  the  "  Camp  Colour  "  used  at  the  siege. 

Flag  of  the  General  Society,  and 

Flag  of  the  Connecticut  State  Society. 

Members  of  the  Society. 

Louisbourg  Auxiliary  Committee. 

Sydney  Auxiliary  Committee. 

Citizens. 


The  guests  and  committeemen  wore  the  Louisbourg  medal 
suspended  from  the  Society's  ribbon,  the  members  wearing 
in  addition  their  insignia.  The  band,  which  very  kindly 
volunteered  their  services,  played  American  and  British 
patriotic  airs  while  the  line  of  march  was  taken  from  the 
Dauphin's  Bastion  along  the  lines  to  the  highest  part  of  the 
King's  Bastion,  where  the  site  for  the  monument  was  pre- 
sented  by  Mr.  Patrick  Kennedy.  As  the  head  of  the  pro- 
cession reached  the  grand  stand,  which  was  tastefully  draped 
with  American  and  English  flags,  it  was  saluted  by  a  de- 
tachment of  blue  jackets  and  marines  from  the  "  Canada." 
A  semicircular  space  around  the  monument,  in  front  of  the 
stand,  was  roped  in,  and  the  scarlet-coated  marines  posted 
around  at  intervals  of  two  yards,  while  a  guard  of  honor  of 
blue  jackets  was  drawn  up  in  company  front  within  the 
cii'cle.  On  the  left  of  the  stand  were  the  officers  of  the  war 
ship,  and  on  the  right  the  band,  which  played  appropriate 
pieces  during  the  exercises.  The  following  guests  and 
members  of  che  Society  were  given  seats  on  the  platform : 

His  Honor  Lieutenant-Governor  Daly ;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Gierke,  A.D.C;  Captain  Wilson,  R.N.,  Hon. 
David  McKeen,  M.P.;  Hon.  D.  H.  Ingraham,  U.  S.  Consul- 
General  for  Nova  Scotia ;  Dr.  Charles  Jones ;  Dr.  R.  A.  H. 
McKeen,  Warden  of  the  Municipality  ;  His  Worship  A.  J. 
MacDonald,  Mayor  of  Sydney;  Hon.  G.  Murray,  M.E.C.; 

vii 


r 


I 


V  V 


APPENDIX. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Johnson,  of  Halifax;  Rev.  William  Salter,  D.D., 
of  Burlington,  Iowa ;  Mr.  F.  D.  Laurie,  Mr.  F.  S.  Pierson, 
Mr.  Morrow,  Mr.  A.  Chester  Beatty,  of  New  York  ;  Mr.  Mc- 
Connell,  of  the  Halifax  Chronicle^  and  the  editors  of  the 
Chegnecto  Post^  Sydney  Advocate^  North  Sydney  Herald, 
and  the  Island  Reporter,  Among  the  ladies  present  were 
Mrs.  Daly,  Miss  Daly,  and  Mrs.  Charles  Jones,  of  Halifax ; 
Miss  Wheeler  and  Miss  Salter,  of  New  York ;  Mrs.  David 
McKeen  and  Mrs.  Pierson,  of  Cape  Breton. 

The  following  members.of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Soci- 
ety: A.  H.  Mackay,  LL.D.,  Superintendent  of  Education; 
Mr.  Justice  Murray  Dodd,  Col.  J.  R.  McShane,  C.  H.  Cahan, 
Rev.  T.  C.  Jack,  Rev.  Dr.  George  Patterson,  R.S.C.;  F. 
Blake  Crofton,  Secretary  of  the  Society.  The  members  of 
the  Louisbourg  and  Sydney  Auxiliary  Committees,  and 
the  following  members  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars: 
Hon.  Everett  Pepperrell  Wheeler,  Frederick  Clarkson,  Col. 
James  Madison  Whittemore,  U.S.A.;  William  Gedney 
Beatty,  David  Banks,  Jr.,  and  Howland  Pell,  of  the  New 
York  Society ;  Hon.  Alfred  G.  Jones,  of  Halifax ;  James  A. 
Noyes,*  Arthur  J.  C.  Sowden  and  Edward  T.  Barker,  of  the 
Massachusetts  Society;  Dr.  Charles  Samuel  Ward*  and 
John  Edward  Heaton,  of  the  Connecticut  Society  ;  John 
Grant  Norton,  of  the  Vermont  Society  ;  George  Eltweed 
Pomeroy,*  of  the  Ohio  Society;  and  Walter  Channing 
Wyman,  of  the  Illinois  Society.  About  twenty-five  hundred 
people  were  gathered  around  the  stand  and  on  the  ramparts 
of  the  ancient  fortress. 

The  official  programme  was  as  follows : 

Meeting  called  to  order  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee, at  two  o'clock,  in  the  King's  Bastion  of  the  Fortress 
of  Louisbourg. 

1.  Prayer  by  the  Chaplain-General,  the  Rev.  C.  ELLIS 

Stevens,  LL.D.,  D.C.L. 

2.  Address  by  Frederic  J.  de  Peyster,  Esq.,  Governor- 

General  of  the  Society. 

*  Also  members  of  the  New  York  Society, 
viii 


H 


•     I 


•  ■■'««pw9*.5;'r« 


APPENDIX. 


\ 


A 


3.  Addresses  by  representatives   from    the    Societies    in 

Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  Hampshire,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Vermont. 

4.  Address  by  Dr.  J.  G.  BouRiNOT,  C.M.G.,  representing 

the  Royal  Society  of  Canada. 

5.  Address  by  Hon.  Everett  Pepperrell  Wheeler,  a 

descendant  of  Sir  William  Pepperrell,  Bart.,  of  New 
England. 

6.  Address  by  Edward  F.  de  Lancey,  Esq.,  representing 

Sir  Peter  Warren  and  the  Colony  of  New  York. 

7.  Address  by  an  officer  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Nova 

Scotia. 

8.  Address  by  Hon.  D.  H.  Ingraham,  U.  S.  Consul-Gen- 

eral  for  Nova  Scotia. 

9.  Unveiling  of  the  Monument  by  His  Honor  Lieutenant- 

Governor  Daly  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  behalf  of  His 
Excellency  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Governor- General 
of  Canada. 

10.  Salutes. 

11.  Benediction  by  the  Rev.  T.  Eraser  Draper,  Rector 

of  St.  Bartholomew's,  Louisbourg. 

Mr.  Howland  Pell,  Secretary- General,  Chairman  of  the 
General  Committee,  called  the  assemblage  to  order,  and 
after  stating  the  object  of  the  gathering,  requested  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Salter,  Chaplain  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  in 
Iowa,  in  the  absence  of  the  Chaplain-General,  to  open  the 
proceedings  with  a  prayer.  Dr.  Salter,  who  is  a  lineal  descend- 
ant of  a  sister  of  Sir  William  Pepperrell,  offered  the  following 
prayer  : 

"  Thou  who  art  the  Ruler  among  the  nations,  we  are  gath- 
ered in  Thy  presence,  under  the  great  dome  of  the  sky,  from 
different  lands,  to  speak  of  Thy  goodness  and  talk  of  Thy 
power  in  the  former  days.  In  Thy  Providence  Thou  hast 
given  the  New  World  of  America  to  civilization,  to  liberty,  to 

,  m     ■ 


f 


« 


f 


i    t 


APPENDIX. 

law  and  order,  and  to  the  Gospel  of  Thy  Son.  We  thank  Thee 
that  through  the  hardships  and  perils  and  sacrifices  of  those 
who  have  gone  before  us,  and  through  their  conflicts  and 
turmoils  and  strifes  as  well,  their  children  and  children's 
children  have  entered  into  a  great  inheritance  of  peace  and 
plenty  from  Hudson's  Bay  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  wave. 
We  bless  Thee  for  the  valor  and  endurance  of  the  pioneers, 
who  acted  well  their  part  in  the  light  of  the  earlier  time  in 
which  they  walked.  We  praise  Thee,  O  God  I  All  the 
earth  doth  worship  Thee,  the  Father  Everlasting,  whose 
work  is  ever  from  seeming  evil  to  educe  good  in  infinite  pro- 
gression. We  beseech  Thee  to  command  Thy  blessing 
upon  this  commemoration  of  ancient  valor  and  heroism, 
that  it  may  stimulate  virtue  and  the  love  of  liberty,  and  gen- 
erous and  charitable  feeling,  among  the  people  here  repre- 
sented. We  implore  Thy  favor  upon  the  gracious  Queen  of 
this  wide  realm,  upon  the  Governor  of  this  Maritime  Prov- 
ince, upon  Thy  servant  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  upon  the  people  and  government  of  France ;  that  the 
people  of  these  lands  may  ever  live  together  in  amity  and 
concord.  And  bestow  Thy  benediction,  we  pray  Thee, 
upon  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  who  have  reared  this 
monument,  in  memory  of  the  ancient  times,  now  to  be 
unveiled,  and  grant  that  it  may  stand  as  a  witness  in  future 
days  to  Thy  power  and  glory,  and  to  the  fortitude  and  cour- 
age of  those  whose  dust  is  here  mingled  with  their  mother 
earth.  Let  the  people  praise  Thee,  O  God!  Yea,  let  all 
the  people  praise  Thee,  and  evermore  serve  Thee  in  holi- 
ness and  righteousness,  through  the  grace  of  the  common 
Lord  and  Saviour  of  mankind,  who  taught  us  when  we  pray 
to  say:  Our  Father,  which  art  in  Heaven.     Amen." 

At  the  conclusion  of  a  hymn,  played  by  the  band,  the 
chairman  read  letters  or  telegrams  of  regret  at  inability  to  be 
present,  and  wishing  success  to  the  celebration,  from  Presi- 
dent Cleveland ;  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Governor-General  of 
Canada;  H.  M.  Whitney,  President  Dominion  Coal  Co.; 
Samuel  Adams  Drake ;  John  A.  King,  President  New  York 
Historical  Society,  and  Dr.  J.  G.  Bourinot,  C.M.G. 


1  fi 


APPENDIX, 

As  Mr.  de  Peyster  had  sailed  for  Europe  a  few  days  before 
the  celebration,  he  commissioned  the  chairman  to  express 
his  regret  at  not  being  present  in  person,  and  to  read  an  ad- 
dress for  him,  as  follows : 

Your  Honor  the  Governor,    Gentlemen   of  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  and  Guests  : 

''We  have  assembled  here  to-day  among  these  storied 
ruins  to  dedicate  the  first — the  very  first — monument  ever 
erected  by  the  people  of  the  great  republic  to  commemorate 
the  greatest  triumph  achieved  by  their  Colonial  ancestors, 
and  to  do  honor  to  the  memory  of  the  seven  hundred  New 
England  soldiers  buried  here. 

"  It  is  the  greatest  triumph  because  it  is  the  only  instance 
recorded  in  history  of  the  victory  of  a  body  of  irregulars,  led 
by  a  civilian,  over  well-trained  and  gallant  foes.  It  was  the 
success  of  shopkeepers,  artisans,  fishermen,  farmers,  and 
clerks,  commanded  by  a  merchant,  planned  by  a  lawyer 
utterly  ignorant  of  the  art  of  war,  over  the  regular  soldiers 
of  the  first  military  power  of  Europe,  led  by  well-trained, 
experienced  and  gallant  commanders,  and  entrenched  within 
the  strongest  fortress  of  the  New  World. 

"  The  enterprise  was  a  mad  one,  but  it  succeeded.  The 
wasting  diseases  which  are  usually  more  deadly  to  a  camp 
than  the  fire  of  the  enemy  never  touched  this  devoted  band 
until  after  the  surrender. , 

''Victory  without  the  English  fleet  would  have  been  im- 
possible. Heaven  favored  the  undertaking.  Storm  and 
disease  were  averted  while  all  branches  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race  on  land  and  sea  were  united  for  the  supreme  effort.  It 
was,  indeed,  the  victory  of  our  race,  won  by  uniting  the  men 
born  in  the  new  England  with  those  born  in  the  old.  It  was 
won  by  Colonial  soldiers  and  British  sailors.  The  army 
could  not  have  won  without  the  navy,  nor  the  navy  without 
the  army.  The  Americans  could  not  have  won  without  the 
English,  nor  the  English  without  the  Americans.  Then,  if 
never  before,  our  ancestors  learned  the  lesson  that '  in  union 
there  is  strength,'  and  that  when  the  British  mother  and  her 


i 


~7:- 


APPENDIX. 

mighty  American  child  unite,  victory  is  always  theirs.  Thirty 
years  ago  Goldwin  Smith  said:  '  The  English  yeomanry  are 
no  longer  to  be  found  in  England ;  the  descendants  of  the 
brave  youths  v/ho  followed  the  standards  of  Cromwell  and 
Ireton  no  longer  breathe  British  air;  but  they  are  not  ex- 
tinct; to-day  you  may  find  them  beneath  the  standard  of 
Grant  and  of  Sherman.' 

*'  Yes,  and  every  battle  won  during  the  Civil  War  was  won 
by  that  gallant  English  yeomanry  which  have  gained  so  long 
a  train  of  victories  for  the  cross  of  St.  George,  from  St.  Jean 
d'Acre  to  Waterloo.  This,  too,  was  a  triumph  of  that  same 
English  yeomanry  not  less  conspicuous  than  that  which  they 
obtained  at  Cr€cy,  Poitiers,  and  Agincourt.  The  men  who 
conquered  here  were  of  as  pure  English  descent  as  those  who 
were  led  to  victory  by  the  storied  Black  Prince  or  the  hero- 
king,  Henry  the  Fifth. 

"  What  renders  this  triumph  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  the 
more  glorious  is  that  it  was  won  over  worthy  foes.  The 
fortress  which  capitulated  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago 
to-day  was  held  by  the  first  soldiers  of  Europe,  the  warriors 
of  the  '  Grand  Monarque.'  Few  laurels  can  be  won  by 
defeating  a  horde  of  Asiatic  slaves,  but  to  tear  the  lilies 
from  this  citadel  was,  indeed,  a  splendid  achievement. 

"  There  is  no  braver  race  on  the  planet  than  the  French. 
The  English  people  to  this  day  boast  of  their  conquerer, 
Norman  William. 

"  The  proudest  houses  which  clutter  round  the  throne  of 
Victoria  trace  their  ancestry  back  to  the  French  knights 
who  struggled  and  conquered  at  Hastings.  The  long  heroic 
line  of  Plantagenet  kings  was  of  pure  French  descent. 
Richard  the  Lion-hearted  and  the  knights  who  fought  beside 
him  at  St.-Jean  d'Acre  and  Ascalon  were  as  much  French- 
men as  Philip  Augustus  himself.  In  all  the  roll  of  history 
there  is  no  more  splendid  figure  than  the  immortal  Bertrand 
du  Guesclin,  the  indomitable  soldier  who  freed  France  from 
the  invader.  Every  reader  of  Scott  will  recall  Dunois,  the 
magnificent  soldier  whom  Sir  Walter  himself  delights  to 
crown  with  imperishable  laurels.  And  while  truth,  patriot- 
ism, and  courage  are  worshipped  on  earth  the  name  of  Jeanne 


'^iP^iP^nlP! 


APPENDIX. 


d'Arc  will  never  be  forgotten.  If  France  had  no  other  claims 
to  military  renown,  the  achievements  of  the  maid  would 
place  her  in  the  very  first  rank. 

"  And  then  in  more  modern  times  there  is  Bayard,  the 
knight  of  all  knights,  sans  peur  et  sans  reproche ;  the 
great  Cond6,  who,  though  a  prince  of  the  blood,  was  yet  the 
first  captain  of  the  age ;  Turenne,  whom  Napoleon  pro- 
nounced one  of  the  greatest  generals  in  all  the  rolls  of 
history ;  grand  old  Frontenac,  the  most  splendid  figure  that 
America's  colonial  history  can  boast;  the  chivalrous, 
romantic,  but  unfortunate  Montcalm;  the  brilliant  and 
indomitable  de  L6vis,  whom  no  difficulties  could  daunt,  no 
disasters  intimidate. 

''Need  I  add  more?  The  long  record  of  Napoleonic 
victories  from  Rivoli  to  La  Moskowa  is  known  to  every 
schoolboy.  But  remember  that  the  two  most  famous  sieges 
of  modern  times  are  those  of  Genoa  in  1800  and  Hamburg 
in  1814.  Remember  that  the  French  general,  Mass6na, 
did  not  surrender  Genoa  until  his  troops  were  dying  of 
hunger  and  typhus  in  the  streets.  Remember  that  the 
French  marshal,  Davout,  held  Hamburg  although  his 
soldiers  were  dying  with  hunger  and  typhus.  Remember 
that  he  never  surrendered,  and  that  to  get  rid  of  him  it  was 
necessary  to  make  peace  with  France. 

"  The  laurels  won  here  were  won  from  no  poltroons,  but 
from  the  brave,  romantic,  chivalrous,  but  unfortunate  children 
of  glorious  France.  The  glory  of  this  day  is  enough  for  all 
— enough  for  English  and  American  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  gallant  soldiers  of  Louis  on  the  other.  Both  sides  were 
equally  brave,  but  fortune,  as  usual,  favored  the  bigger 
battalions.  Captain  Mahan  is  right.  The  true  secret  of 
England's  empire,  of  her  long  roll  of  victories,  is  her  sea- 
power.  Had  France  instead  of  England  controlled  the  sea, 
French  would  be  to-day  the  language  of  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
and  New  York.  It  was  this  long  century  of  struggle  which 
decided  the  fate  of  the  continent,  and  hence  the  gratitude 
which  we  feel  to  those  who  battled  so  long,  so  gallantly  and 
so  successfully  for  the  Cross  of  St.  George. 

"  Our  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  is  devoted  to  doing  justice 

xiii 


APPENDIX. 

to  this  very  period,  to  the  men  who  raised  the  scattered  and 
attenuated  fringe  of  settlements  along  the  Atlantic  into  the 
mighty  republic  which  is  to-day  the  peer  of  the  greatest 
power  on  earth.  We  wish  that  the  unconquerable  energy,  the 
heroic  courage,  the  devoted  patriotism  of  those  earlier  days, 
when  Americans  really  became  Americans,  should  remain 
the  distinguishing  characteristics  ofourracetothe  endof  time. 
''  And  therefore  we  erect  this  monument  to  the  memory 
of  our  heroic  ancestors  and  as  an  inspiration  to  heroism  for 
all  generations  of  Anglo-Saxons." 

Mr.  Arthur  J.  C.  Sowden,  of  the  Massachusetts  Society, 
then  read  the  following  paper : 

"  It  is  a  unique  occasion  which  brings  us  men  from  the 
States  to  this  far-away  spot  to  unite  with  our  English  and 
Provincial  cousins  in  commemorating  the  virtues  of  a  com- 
mon ancestry.  We  are  for  the  most  part  Anglo-Saxons  to- 
day,  and  we  are  here  to  recognize  and  to  glorify  certain 
qualities  which  characterize  the  race.  It  has  been  objected 
that  we  are  engaged  in  doing  honor  to  British  subjects,  while 
it  is  forgotten  that  the  American  Colonies  were  composed 
of  British  subjects  until  1783,  when  the  War  for  Independ- 
ence ended.  Nay,  let  us  rather  rejoice  that  on  this  day  we 
can  clasp  hands  with  our  English  cousins  upon  this  their 
own  soil,  and  unite  with  them  in  honoring  ancestors  who 
have  made  this  spot  forever  famous.  And  while  we  pay 
honors  to  the  men  of  Pepperrell*s  expedition,  we  in  no  way 
detract  from  the  devotion,  bravery,  and  manliness  displayed 
by  the  French  troops  under  General  Duchambon.  We 
honor  the  great  French  nation,  and  we  recall  with  pride  and 
gratitude  the  services  rendered  by  Lafayette  in  the  War  for 
Independence,  and  by  the  Count  de  Paris  and  the  Duke  de 
Chartres  in  the  Civil  War  of  186 1. 

"  The  occasion  is  unique,  as  we  have  said.  Our  thoughts 
go  backward  until  in  imagination  we  reproduce  the  New 
England  of  1745,  and  our  minds  are  filled  with  charming 
pictures  of  ' 

"  the  good  Old  Colony  times 
When  we  lived  under  the  King, 
xiv 


r   Mfc'-i         ■■■nil— 


APPENDIX. 


"  More  than  a  century  had  then  passed  since  the  landing  at 
Plymouth  ;  many  of  the  asperities  of  frontier  life  had  soft- 
ened ;  the  Indians  had  nearly  ceased  to  molest ;  religious 
fervor  was  somewhat  milder  in  expression,  and  religious  per- 
secution had  long  ceased.  The  Colonies  had  already  ac- 
quired the  comforts,  and  many  of  the  refinements,  of  sub- 
stantial communities.  How  delightful  was  much  of  the 
social  life  of  those  days.  How  gracious  and  dignified, 
though  a  trifle  stilted,  were  the  manners  of  the  men  and 
women.  How  rare  the  old  vintages.  How  picturesque  the 
costumes,  the  powdered  hair,  the  brocaded  silks,  the  silver 
buckles,  the  ancient  chatelaines.  The  famed  beauty  and 
the  graces  of  the  Colonial  dames  have  descended  as  the  pos- 
session of  their  great-granddaughters.  To-day  we  try  to 
reproduce  the  stately  old  mansions,  the  simple  and  grace- 
ful forms  of  furniture,  the  rich  carving,  rare  patterns 
of  silver  and  old  china;  and  grandmother's  grace  in 
the  minuet  and  her  skill  in  the  patched  bed-quilt  are  emu- 
lated even  now.  Over  and  above  all  was  the  reverent  fear 
of  God,  and  the  gracious  practice  of  the  amenities  of  life. 

"Such  were  the  social  conditions  in  which  many  of  the 
officers  and  men  of  Pepperrell's  expedition  were  nurtured. 
Shirley  was  Governor — an  English  lawyer  of  excellent  qual- 
ities— none  the  worse  for  a  certain  ambition  of  his  own. 
Louisbourg  presented  a  constant  menace  to  the  safety  and 
prosperity  of  the  Colonies,  and  yet  so  impregnable  was  it 
held  to  be,  that  it  was  felt  to  be  the  height  of  madness  to 
try  to  destroy  it.  Many  men  have  claimed  to  have  origi- 
nated the  famous  expedition,  among  them  Benning  Went- 
worth,  Robert  Auchmuty,  Samuel  Waldo,  and  William 
Vaughan  ;  but  to  Vaughan,  graduate  of  Harvard,  the  honor 
seems  to  belong,  and  we  can  readily  fancy  him  hurrying  to 
and  fro ;  now  at  Kittery  with  Pepperrell ;  now  at  Portsmouth 
with  Wentworth ;  in  Boston  with  Governor  Shirley,  stop- 
ping the  while  with  his  sister  Jane,  the  wife  of  James  Noble, 
then  living  on  Friend  Street.  The  General  Court  was  slow 
to  move,  and  at  last  James  Gibson  and  some  State  Street 
merchants  seem  to  have  had  much  influence  with  them. 
Finally  the  transports  with  troops,  and  the  little  Massachu- 

XV 


i    '■ 


\  I 


APPENDIX. 

setts  navy  sailed  from  Boston  Harbor,  March  25,  1745 — an 
event  which  this  Society  has  recently  marked  with  religious 
and  social  observances. 

"  Time  forbids  other  than  a  very  brief  sketch  of  the  oper- 
ations  here.  After  the  delay  at  Canseau  it  was  the  thirtieth 
of  April  when  the  expedition  reached  Gabarus  Bay,  and  a 
landing  was  made  at  Fresh-water  Cove  to  the  westward. 
The  men  were  obliged  to  wade  into  deep  water,  and  to  float 
the  heavy  guns  on  rafts.  A  brief  resistance  occurred  at  the 
landing,  but  soon  the  men  began  to  form  camps  on  the  ris- 
ing ground  above.  Their  tents  were  very  poor  and  entirely 
inadequate ;  and  many  built  huts,  and  some  dug  holes  in  the 
ground  and  threw  up  earthworks.  The  earth  was  damp,  the 
nights  cold ;  and  at  one  time  two  thousand  soldiers  were  on 
the  sick  list.  Sir  William  Pepperrell  was  in  command,  Roger 
Wolcott  of  Connecticut  was  second,  Samuel  Waldo  third, 
Joseph  Dwight  fourth.  The  first  move  was  made  by  a  detach- 
ment  of  four  hundred  New  Hampshire  men  under  the  auda- 
cious and  restless  Vaughan,  who  proceeded  to  the  east  side 
and  burnt  the  enemy's  warehouses.  Returning,  he  found  the 
Grand  or  Royal  Battery  abandoned  and  its  guns  spiked,  and 
he  so  reported  to  Pepperrell.  General  Waldo  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  Grand  Battery,  with  a  part  of  the  First 
Massachusetts  Regiment  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Brad- 
street,  and  the  Second  Massachusetts  under  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Arthur  Noble.  The  guns  were  unspiked  by  Seth 
Pomeroy  of  Northampton,  Major  of  the  Fourth  Massachu- 
setts Regiment,  and  were  soon  turned  upon  the  walled  town. 
Lighthouse  Point,  to  the  east,  became  a  position  of  great 
importance,  and  Colonel  Gorham  of  the  Seventh  Massachu- 
setts, and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Gridley  of  Dwight's  Artillery 
Train,  were  sent  to  hold  the  place.  They  handsomely 
repulsed  a  land  attack  by  the  French  troops  under  Beau- 
bassin. 

"  The  key  to  the  French  position  was  the  Island  Battery 
at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor.  The  charming  historian  Park- 
man  speaks  of  only  one  assault  made  upon  this  stronghold, 
and  treats  that  rather  lightly ;  but  other  historians  say  that 
six  distinct  landings  and  assaults  were  made  by  forlorn  hopes 

xvi 


» 


APPENDIX. 


^ 


of  volunteers,  and  that  the  battery  was  silenced  only  with 
the  fall  of  Louisbourg.  Both  the  Grand  Battery  and  Light- 
house Battery  commanded  the  Island  Battery,  and  it  is  said 
that  Lieutenant-Colonel  Gridley,  afterwards  at  Bunker  Hill, 
succeeded  so  nicely  in  throwing  his  shot  inside  the  battery, 
that  sometimes  the  enemy  would  jump  into  the  sea  for 
safety.  In  the  archives  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society 
(William  Goold's  Collection)  there  is  a  copy  of  an  order  by 
General  Waldo,  directing  Lieutenant-Colonel  Noble  to  make 
a  night  attack  on  the  Island  Battery,  for  which,  though  un* 
successful  and  repulsed  with  heavy  loss,  he  received  official 
thanks  and  subsequent  promotion.  -*  It  would  be  deeply 
interesting  to  know  more  of  the  details  of  the  deadly  strug* 
gles  made  on  yonder  little  island,  where  many  a  brave  New 
Englander  willingly  gave  up  his  life. 

"The  siege  of  Louisbourg  was  mainly  a  contest  of  artillery, 
but  here  and  there  were  heroic  sorties.  Our  chief  want  at 
the  outset  was  experienced  gunners,  and  Pepperrell  urged 
Governor  Shirley  to  supply  them  at  once.  A  few  came  from 
Commodore  Warren's  fleet,  which  was  rendered  inactive  by 
the  strength  and  position  of  the  Island  Battery.  Strong 
batteries  were  posted  to  the  northwest,  outside  the  King's 
bastion,  not  far  from  the  walls  of  Louisbourg — namely,  those 
of  Dwight,  Titcomb,  and  Sherburn,  of  which  Major  Tit- 
comb's  is  said  to  have  done  the  most  effective  work.  Cap- 
tain  Joseph  Sherburn  held  the  advanced  position,  and  was  a 
lively  competitor  in  this  interesting  game  of  artillery  prac- 
tice. Supporting  these  batteries  were  the  Sixth  Massachu- 
setts, Colonel  Richmond,  and  the  Fifth  under  Colonel  Hale. 
Over  against  the  landing  place,  to  the  westward,  were  a  part 
of  the  Massachusetts  First  Regiment,  and  the  Third  and 
Fourth  Massachusetts  under  Colonels  Moulton  and  Willard, 
and  the  Connecticut  and  New  Hampshire  regiments.  The 
Seventh  Massachusetts,  under  Colonel  Gorham,  was  on 
Light-house  Point.  Thus  was  kept  up  a  constant  rain  of 
shot  and  shell  from  all  sides  upon  the  great  stronghold — 
"  the  Dunkirk  of  America." 

"This  powerful  fortification — twelve  hundred  yards  in 
length,  with  a  rampart  thirty-six  feet  in  width,  protected  by 

xvii 


'  11 


/ 


\ 


APPRNDtX. 

a  ditch  eighty  feet  wide— surrendered  to  our  little  army  June 
17,  1745,  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  to-day.  On  the 
previous  day  a  tlag  of  truce  was  received  by  Captain  Joseph 
Sherburn  and  was  passed  through  the  lines  to  Colonel  Rich- 
mond of  the  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment,  and  by  Colonel 
Richmond  to  General  Pepperrell.  In  Wolcott's  diary  it  is  re- 
lated that  the  keys  were  received  from  General  Du  Chambon 
by  General  Pepperrell  at  the  South  Gate.  Throughout  the 
Colonies  and  in  England  there  was  great  rejoicing,  and 
some  months  later  Pepperrell  and  Admiral  Warren  received 
a  public  welcome  in  Boston,  and  joyous  acclamations  greeted 
the  former  everywhere  en  route  to  Kittery.  The  yeomanry 
of  New  England  had  surprif^ed  the  world.  All  honor  to  the 
brave  old  Kittery  merchant  who  played  so  conspicuous  a 
part  in  the  development  of  the  martial  spirit  of  New  Eng- 
land !  Sad  indeed  was  the  revulsion  of  feeling  when,  under 
the  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  the  much-coveted  fortress 
was  given  back  to  France. 

'*  Too  much  credit  cannot  be  given  the  officers  and  private 
soldiers  engaged  in  this  expedition.  The  undertaking  has 
been  misrepresented  as  merely  a  fanatical  religious  move- 
ment ;  and  even  Parkman,  who  admits  its  heroism,  charac- 
terizes it  as  a  mad  scheme.  In  this  age,  which  has  seen 
magnificent  examples  of  real  heroism,  we  cannot  fail  to 
acknowledge  the  rare  patience,  courage,  good  temper,  and 
discipline  shown  by  the  troops.  The  utter  want  of  experi- 
ence at  the  outset ;  the  delay  at  Canseau ;  the  difficulty  in 
landing  at  Flat  Point  and  Fresh-water  Cove  ;  the  floating  of 
guns  on  rafts,  later  to  be  dragged  over  miry  marshes ;  the 
wretchedly  small  pay ;  the  want  of  tents,  shoes,  and  proper 
clothing  ;  prevalence  of  disease ;  the  incessant  cannonading ; 
the  heroic  assaults  ,and  the  deadly  slaughter  before  the 
Island  Battery ;  long  and  weary  duty  in  garrison — ah  !  my 
friends,  was  not  this  indeed  a  baptism  of  fire  and  suffering 
out  of  which  emerged  a  nobler  New  England,  conscious  of 
her  strength !  To  this  splendid  result  Massachusetts  con- 
tributed three  thousand  three  hundred  officers  and  men,  of 
whom  a  full  third  came  from  Maine.  Connecticut  sent  five 
hundred ;  New  Hampshire,  four  hundred  and  fifty,  including 

xviii 


. 


APPENDIX. 


i 


one  hundred  and  fiAy  paid  by  Massachusetts.  New  York 
sent  large  guns,  ammunition,  and  provisions.  Rhode 
Island's  detail  arrived  too  late  for  the  fight. 

"The  age  in  which  we  live  is  too  tolerant  or  indifferent, 
if  not  too  busy,  to  comprehend  the  religious  elements  which 
once  entered  into  public  activities  in  New  England.  The  men 
who  fought  at  Louisbourg  were  patriots,  loyal  to  their  King. 
They  aimed  to  destroy  a  menace  to  their  own  commercial 
success  and  to  the  public  peace.  But  the  expedition  followed 
so  soon  after  the  Great  Awakening  that  it  is  not  strange  that 
men  felt  they  were  engaged  in  a  holy  war  and  doing  God 
especial  service.  Religious  zeal  moved  them  to  heroic 
action,  and  they  remembered  the  rallying  cry  given  them 
by  Whitfield :  Nil  desperandum  Christo  duct.  Yet  it  may 
be  fairly  assumed  that  even  then  Parson  Moody  represented 
an  extreme  type  of  the  religious  fanatic.  Since  that  time 
religious  forms  and  methods  of  expression  have  greatly 
changed,  and  the  church  then  so  distrusted  and  disliked  by 
our  ancestors  has  won  its  way  to  the  hearts  of  millions 
throughout  the  civilized  world. 

"  One  would  gladly  review  the  part  taken  by  the  French 
troops,  who  were  thrown  upon  the  defensive  all  through  the 
siege.  Such  bravery  as  was  displayed  in  defending  the 
Island  Battery  is  worthy  of  the  richest  and  greenest  laurels, 
and  the  pluck  shown  by  the  commandant,  Captain  d'Aille- 
bout,  should  render  his  name  immortal.  So,  too,  at  the 
great  stronghold,  the  Citadel;  but  one  wonders  why  Du 
Chambon  did  not  come  out  into  the  open  field  when  he 
began  to  find  himself  being  slowly  and  surely  surrounded. 
With  his  trained  regulars  what  might  he  not  have  done 
against  such  militia  as  ours  ? 

"To  Commodore,  afterwards  Admiral,  Warren  belongs 
great  credit.  He  seems  to  have  been  an  able,  honorable, 
and  fair-minded  officer.  No  doubt  at  times  he  felt  that  his 
experience  entitled  him  to  a  more  active  part  in  the  siege; 
yet  he  and  Pepperrell  became  the  best  of  friends.  His  con- 
stant desire  to  get  inside  the  harbor  was  frustrated  by  the 
sturdy  defence  of  the  Island  Battery,  and  had  he  succeeded 
in  his  wish  the  guns  from  the  Citadel  would  probably  have 

xix 


\ 


I    ; 


i      ! 


APPENDIX. 

sunk  his  fleet.  Anchored  outside,  he  managed  to  occasion- 
ally secure  a  French  prize,  and  the  capture  of  the  "Vigi- 
lante "  proved  of  immense  help  to  our  side.  Councils  of  war 
were  held  on  his  ship,  and  his  advice  must  have  been  most 
valuable  to  the  Colonists.  He,  too,  was  generous  in  praise 
of  New  England  valor,  and  it  is  stated  as  a  historical  fact  ot 
much  interest  that  the  plan  of  attack  adopted  by  Amherst 
and  Wolfe,  twelve  years  later,  was  substantially  that  of  Pep- 
perrell  and  his  officers. 

*'  Wheresoever  in  the  world  men  fight  and  die  for  a  prin- 
ciple— in  the  narrow  pass,  or  on  the  open  field — there  is  their 
Thermopylae,  their  Sebastopol,  or  their  Lexington.  It  is  in 
the  interest  of  the  highest  patriotism  and  the  finest  manhood 
that  we  come  here  to-day,  £entlemen  of  the  Society  of  Colo- 
nial Wars,  to  erect  this  monument.  It  is  sweet  and  honor- 
able to  die  for  one's  country."  I  deem  it  a  high  privilege  to 
speak  for  Massachusetts,  and  for  her  fair  daughter,  the  State 
of  Maine.  Maine  !  The  homeof  Pepperrell,  Moulton,  Noble, 
and  of  a  full  thousand  brave  soldiers  of  the  expedition. 
Massachusetts !  Mother  of  patriots,  home  of  liberty ;  first  of 
rebellious  colonies,  now,  in  many  ways,  the  most  English  of 
American  States.  In  her  great  heart  she  treasures  the  fame 
of  all  her  heroic,  sons.  To-day  the  heroes  of  Louisbourg 
seem  very  near  to  us ;  nearer  and  more  real  than  ever  before. 
We  are  here  to  claim  kinship  with  them,  and  to  pay  them  a 
long-merited  and  long-delayed  tribute  of  justice.  We  can 
almost  feel  the  benediction'^  of  their  approving  presence. 
Their  quaint  old  ways  and  their  queer  costumes  are  forever 
gone,  and  to-day  they  return  to  us  transfigured  in  the  ever- 
lasting light.  For  a  moment  we  bid  them  Hail !  and  Fare- 
well! 'They  rest  from  their  labors,  and  their  works  do 
follow  them.'" 

Mr.  George  E.  Pomeroy,  of  the  Ohio  Society,  a  descendant 
of  Major  Seth  Pomeroy,  who  distinguished  himself  during 
the  siege,  read  the  following  extracts  from  the  original  un- 
printed  diary  kept  by  that  officer: 

*'  Saturday,  the  x^th.  A  fair,  pleasant  day.  Commodore 
Warren  came  on  shore.     Our  regiment,  with  other  regi- 

XX 


I 


APPENDIX. 


ments  in  the  camp,  mustered  in  a  regimental  order.  Com- 
modore Warren  made  a  fine  speech  to  the  Army,  and 
marched  through  together  with  the  General  and  some 
other  gentlemen  and  agreed  with  the  General  and  publicly 
with  the  whole  Army  that  as  soon  as  the  wind  and  weather 
should  favor,  he  with  all  his  ships,  should  go  into  the 
harbour,  engage  the  Island  Battre  and  the  City.  We  upon 
the  land  with  all  our  forces  at  the  same  time  should  engage 
them  with  all  our  artillery  and  escaling  ladders.  After  this, 
just  before  sunset,  the  French  sent  out  a  flag  of  truce,  the 
terms  that  were  agreed  upon  by  the  council  was  that  they 
should  deliver  themselves  up  prisoners  of  war,  and  the  time 
allowed  them  for  consideration  was  till  next  day  at  nine  of 
the  clock  in  the  morning,  so  were  dismissed  for  that  time. 

"  Sabbath  day,  xtth.  Misty  morning  and  all  waiting 
for  an  answer  from  the  city.  The  time  before  appointed  by 
the  French  to  give  an  answer  was  nine  of  the  clock.  They 
came  and  it  was  agreed  to  deliver  themselves  up  prisoners 
of  war,  with  the  liberty  that  they  should  have  their  own 
money  with  their  movable  estate  and  deliver  a  hostage  as  a 
pledge  for  truthfulness  and  next  morning  for  the  army  to 
enter  the  city.  This  night,  I,  with  Major  C,  Captain  King 
and  Lieutenant  Miller,  went  the  grand  rounds,  and  this  was 
the  warmest  night  that  has  been  since  we  came  upon  this 
island.     Returned  to  my  tent  just  at  break  of  day. 

*'  Monday,  yune  17M.*  Mustered  our  regiment  this  day, 
the  General,  Major-General  and  some  other  gentlemen  with 
the  General's  regiment  to  guard  them.  The  remainder  of 
our  regiment  staid  within  our  own  walls  at  the  camp  the 
night  following — a  very  rainy  night. 

**  Tuesday,  the  iBth.  A  dark,  misty  and  some  rain  this 
day.  A  man  belonging  to  Captain  Golden  died  this  day. 
A  ship  taken  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  loaded  with  wine 
and  brandy.  I  staid  this  day  in  our  camp  and  the  night 
following  rained  hard,  but  I  lay  dry  in  my  tent  and  slept 
well. 

*  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  these  anniversary  dates  fell  on  the 
same  days  of  the  week,  in  the  year  1895,  as  in  1745* 

xxi 


ii 


APPENDIX. 

"  Wednesday,  19M.  A  foggy,  misty,  rainy  day.  So 
staid  at  our  camp.  Part  of  the  army  in  the  city  and  part  at 
the  camp  to  guard  the  stores. 

"  Thursday,  the  20th.  Rain  and  dark  this  day  and  very  un- 
comfortable at  our  camp  by  reason  of  the  wet,  but  no  getting 
the  stores  away  by  reason  of  the  surf  that  there  was  in  the  sea. 

"  Friday,  21st.  It  still  continues  foul  weather.  This  is 
the  fourth  day  since  it  begun  and  it  is  very  remarkable  that 
forty-seven  days  we  have  been  on  this  ibiand  and  in  all  that 
time  not  so  much  foul  weather  by  one  half  as  there  has  been 
now  in  one  week,  which  I  look  upon  as  a  smile  of  Providence 
upon  the  Army,  for  if  there  had  been  foul  weather  as  com- 
monly there  used  to  be  here  at  this  time  in  the  year,  it  would 
have  rendered  it  exceedingly  difHcult,  if  not  wholly  frustrated 
the  design,  scattered  our  fleet  and  sickened  our  Army,  as  we 
have  had  a  remarkable  smile  of  Providence  upon  us  ever 
since  we  set  out  upon  this  expedition,  so  at  last  it  was  very 
remarkable  that  the  enemy  should  give  it  up  in  that  very 
time  that  they  did,  if  they  had  not  we  must  have  made  a 
bold  attempt  by  escalading  the  wall,  that  it  seems  would  have 
been  fatal,  either  the  loss  of  a  great  many  men  or  it  may  be 
we  should  never  have  taken  the  city,  but  so  it  was  ordered 
by  Divine  Providence,  and  it  is  evident  that  God  hath  both 
begun  and  finished  this  great  work  even  the  reduction  of 
Louisburgh  and  given  into  the  hands  of  the  English  and 
Glory  be  to  the  great  name  of  Jehovah  for  it.  This  day  I 
went  from  our  camp  to  the  city  and  lodged  there  this  night 
in  a  French  house  with  Lieutenant  Lyman  and  was  kindly 
entertained  by  them." 


At  this  point  of  the  programme  a  telegram  was  received 
from  the  Massachusetts  Society  extending  their  congratula- 
tions and  wishes  for  a  successful  celebration. 

As  Dr.  Bourinot  was  unable  to  leave  Ottawa  on  account 
of  his  duties  as  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Parliament,  his  paper 
was  read  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Patterson,  a  fellow  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Canada,  as  follows : 


^^ 


"  When  I  accepted  the  invitation  which  was  so  kindly  and 

xxii 


' 


APPENDIX. 

courteously  extended  to  me  by  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars 
through  their  energetic  honorary  secretary,  two  months  ago, 
it  was  with  the  hope  that  my  Parliamentary  duties  would 
enable  me  to  be  present  in  person  and  give  expression  to  the 
deep  interest  which  I  take,  in  common  with  so  many  persons 
in  the  United  States,  and,  I  hope,  in  Canada,  in  an  event  so 
memorable  in  the  historical  annals  of  America.  Unfortu- 
nately for  me,  however,  the  present  session  of  Parliament  is 
not  likely  to  close  until  the  summer  is  well  nigh  over,  and 
consequently  I  find  myself  tied  down  in  these  hot  June  days 
to  the  table  of  the  House  instead  of  enjoying  the  refreshing 
breezes  of  the  Atlantic  on  the  historic  site  of  Louisbourg, 
and  recalling,  in  unison  with  so  many  students  of  the  past, 
the  many  interesting  associations  that  cling  to  the  green 
mounds  and  storm-swept  rocks  which  meet  the  eyes  of  the 
assemblage  that  has  come  to  do  honor  to  the  victory  of  Pep- 
perrell  and  Warren. 

"All  I  can  do  now  is  to  express  my  regret  that  I  should 
be  absent,  and  at  the  same  time  ask  the  honorary  secretary 
to  read  these  few  words  of  mine  as  an  'evidence  of  my  sym- 
pathy with  the  object  which  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars 
has  in  view  in  raising  a  monument  to  the  men  whose  deeds 
should  be  cherished  by  Englishmen  in  every  part  of  the 
world  as  long  as  courage,  patience,  and  pluck — and  'pluck ' 
is  above  all  an  English  characteristic — are  still  considered 
worthy  of  commendation  and  honor.  For  one,  I  do  not 
regard  this  memorial  granite  shaft  as  built  on  any  desire  to 
lessen  the  greatness  of  France.  Her  people  have  been,  and 
always  will  be,  great  in  war,  literature,  science,  and  states- 
manship, and  the  world  owes  them  much.  Englishmen  re- 
member the  victories  which  were  won  by  the  genius  and 
patriotism  of  the  Maid  of  Orleans  as  well  as  those  won  by 
Englishmen  on  land  and  sea.  The  fortunes  of  war  are 
varied  and  uncertain,  but  courage  and  genius  in  war  are 
qualities  which  may  be  as  conspicuous  on  the  part  of  the 
vanquished  as  on  that  of  the  victor.  We  commemorate 
to-day  the  display  of  those  qualities  which  have  written  the 
names  of  so  many  Englishmen  and  Frenchmen  on  the  scroll 
of  fame. 

xxiii     " 


It 


|ffv=5^;^ 


*   I 


APPENDIX. 

**  In  the  quaint  old  city  of  Quebec  there  is  a  monument 
on  which  is  inscribed,  not  simply  the  name  of  Wolfe,  but 
that  also  of  Montcalm — Englishman  and  Frenchman,  ene- 
mies in  life,  but  friends  in  death  and  united  in  fame.  In  the 
past,  as  in  the  present,  Canada  owes  much  to  New  England 
— to  her  sailors  and  soldiers,  to  her  historians  and  her  poets. 
It  wis  mainly  through  the  prowess  of  her  people  that  Louis- 
bourg,  so  long  a  menace  to  English  interests  in  America,  fell 
first  into  the  possession  of  England.  It  was  but  the  precur- 
sor of  a  series  of  victories  which  gave  to  England  that  long 
line  of  forts  and  posts  which  the  ambition  of  France  had 
raised  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Isle  Royale,  on  the  sides  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  hills  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Ohio,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  as  far 
as  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  the  hope  of  hemming  in  the  Eng- 
lish colonists,  then  confined  to  a  mere  fringe  of  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  eventually  founding  one  French  Empire  on  this 
continent  of  America.  The  dream  was  worthy  of  the  states- 
manship of  many  men  who,  in  those  days  of  the  French 
regime,  controlled  the  destinies  of  France  in  Europe  and 
America ;  and  had  only  French  kings  been  more  equal  to 
the  occasion,  more  alive  to  the  necessities  of  their  brave 
representatives  and  subjects  on  this  continent.  Frenchmen 
might  now  be  celebrating  an  event  very  different  from  that 
we  recall  to-day.  It  was  well  for  the  future  greatness  and 
happiness  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada as  well,  that  the  conception  of  French  ambition  of  which 
I  have  spoken  was  never  realized.  The  United  States  are 
playing  a  momentous  part  in  the  destinies  of  the  world,  and 
though  enormous  difficulties  have  at  times  seemed  in  the  way 
of  the  success  of  sound  principles  of  government,  owing  to  the 
schemes  of  unbridled  democracy  and  reckless  partisanship, 
still  I,  as  a  student  of  institutions,  have  faith  in  the  capacity 
of  the  best  minds  of  the  Federal  republic  to  carry  the  nation 
successfully  through  all  its  trials,  as  long  as  they  maintain 
those  principles  of  English  law,  justice,  and  freedom  on  which 
their  institutions  are  mainly  based.  It  was  a  happy  day  for 
Canada,  too,  as  a  whole — for  English  as  well  as  for  French 
Canadians — that   the  fleur-de-lys   fell  from  the  fortresses 

xxiv 


T 


: 


APPENDIX. 

of  Louisbourg  and  Quebec.  The  success  of  England  from 
1745  to  1759  meant  the  triumph  of  representative  govern- 
ment and  free  institutions  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence ; 
the  success  of  France  meant  the  repression  of  local  self-gov- 
ernment and  the  establishment  of  absolutism  in  some  form 
or  other  in  that  Dominion  of  which  French  Canada  now 
constitutes  so  powerful  and  contented  a  part.  It  is  not,  then, 
the  humiliation  of  France  that  we  celebrate,  but  the  success 
of  those  principles  that  depended  on  the  triumph  of  English 
arms  in  America.  As  I  have  already  said,  we  owe  much  to 
New  England  in  the  days  that  are  past.  Her  troops  largely 
contributed  to  the  success  of  that  expedition  which  gave 
Ac3die  to  England  thirty-five  years  before  the  keys  of  Louis- 
bourg were  handed  to  Pepperrell  on  the  historic  site  of  the 
King's  bastion,  or  citadel. 

"All  throughout  the  contest  for  supremacy  in  America 
Colonial  troops  took  an  active  part  in  contributing  to  the 
success  of  England  in  giving  her  a  great  colonial  empire 
and  extending  the  blessings  of  self-government  on  this  con- 
tinent. The  old  thirteen  Colonies,  in  pursuance  of  their 
destinies,  separated  from  England,  but  still  one-half  of  the 
continent  remains  under  the  dominion  of  England  as  one  of 
the  results  of  the  series  of  victories  which  may  be  said  to  have 
commenced  in  1745  and  ended  in  1759.  ^^^  we  see  a 
prosperous  and  influential  section  of  Canada  on  the  banks  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  The  statesmen,  scientists,  and  writers  of 
French  Canada  are  worthy  of  the  race  from  which  they  have 
sprung;  but  their  rights  of  self-government  have  been  given 
by  England  and  not  by  France.  It  is  not  my  purpose  to 
dwell  on  the  characters  and  services  of  Shirley,  Pepperrell, 
Warren,  and  the  other  brave  and  sagacious  Colonists  and 
Englishmen  who  won  the  famous  victory  of  1755.  The 
story  has  been  well  told  by  Hutchinson,  Belknap,  and  Park- 
man.  And  here  I  am  reminded  that  it  is  to  the  writers  and 
poets  of  New  England  that  Canada  owes  the  most  graphic 
narratives  and  the  most  exquisite  poems  on  the  memorable 
events  of  the  struggle  for  Acadie  and  Canada.  At  this  very 
time  when  we  are  commemorating  a  victory  won  by  English 
colonists,  aided  by  British  seamen,  the  scholars  of  New 

XXV 


I 


I.I 


RSSI! 


APPENDIX. 


England  are  about  raising  a  monument  to  Francis  Parkman 
in  that  beautiful  garden  of  lilies  and  roses  where  he  found 
solace  in  his  rare  leisure  moments  and  meditated  over  the 
scenes  which  he  has  described  in  such  matchless  prose.  It 
was  beneath  the  lovely  elms  of  Cambridge,  within  sight  of 
the  buildings  of  Harvard,  that  Longfellow  gave  the  world 
that  poem  which  tells  of  the  most  mournful  episode  of 
American  history,  and  made  the  whole  world  a  sharer  in  the 
sorrows  and  misfortunes  of  Evangeline  and  the  Acadians. 
Above  the  portal  of  Harvard's  great  library  there  is  a  cross 
which,  we  are  told,  once  caught  the  rays  of  the  sun  as  it 
lingered  on  the  parish  church  of  Louisbourg.  That  cross 
shows  how  sectarian  prejudice  and  bitterness  have  faded 
away  under  the  influence  of  modern  thought  and  reason. 
As  long  as  it  stands  above  the  entrance  of  one  of  the  most 
prominent  buildings  of  the  great  representative  of  the  best 
thought  and  learning  of  New  England,  we  must  look  upon 
it  as  a  token  of  the  spirit  of  amity  and  Christian  charity  that 
should  bind  the  peoples  of  communities  that  are  now  sepa- 
rated by  political  government,  but  are  equally  identified 
with  the  progress  of  the  principles  of  sound  government  and 
religious  toleration  on  this  continent." 

The  chairman  then  introduced  the  Hon.  Everett  Pepper- 
ell  Wheeler,  of  New  York,  a  direct  descendant  of  Sir  William 
Pepperrell,  Bart.,  who  made  the  following  address  : 

"Mr.  Governor,  Gentlemen  of  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars,  and  Guests  : 

"  Heaven  smiles  on  our  undertaking.  The  northwest  wind 
has  driven  away  the  clouds  and  fogs  of  the  past  week. 
Under  the  blue  Cape  Breton  sky  we  commemorate  achieve- 
ments that,  in  their  ultimate  result,  gave  to  the  two  great 
North  American  commonwealths  their  goodly  heritage. 

"The  Roman  historian  tells  us  that  the  leaders  of  his 
time  used  to  say  that  when  they  looked  on  the  statues  of 
their  ancestors,  their  souls  were  stirred  with  a  passion  of 
virtue.  It  was  not  the  marble  nor  the  features  that  in 
themselves  had  force.    But  the  memory  of  their  noble  deeds 

xxvi 


:3*x: 


APPENDIX. 


kindled  a  flame  in  the  breasts  of  their  descendants  which 
could  not  be  quenched  until  their  actions  had  equalled  the 
renown  and  worth  of  their  fathers. 

"In  like  manner  we  dedicate  this  monument  in  a  spirit  of 
gratitude  to  God  and  noble  emulation  for  the  heroism  of 
man.  No  narrow  spirit  of  local  self-gratulation  has  brought 
us  hither.  We  are  glad  to  recognize  that  British  sailors  and 
Colonial  soldiers  shared  in  the  difficulties  and  dangers  of  the 
siege  whose  successful  issue  we  celebrate  to-day.  And  we 
are  swift  to  acknowledge  the  courage  and  endurance  of  the 
garrison,  who,  cut  off  from  succor  and  short  of  provisions, 
offered  brave  resistance  for  seven  weeks  to  the  British  fleet 
and  the  regiments  of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Connecticut. 

**  In  the  Parliament  of  Quebec  questions  have  been  put  to 
the  government,  indicating  that  the  member  who  asked  them 
thought  that  this  monument  was  erected  in  a  spirit  of 
triumph  over  a  fallen  foe.  To  him  I  reply  that  we  have  not 
thus  learned  the  lessons  of  history.  This  column  points 
upward  to  the  stars,  and  away  from  the  petty  jealousies  that 
mar  the  earth.  It  will  tell,  we  trust,  to  many  generations,  the 
story  of  the  courage,  heroic  fortitude,  and  manly  energy  of 
those  who  fought  behind  the  ramparts  as  well  as  of  those  who 
fought  in  the  trenches.  Some  historians,  it  is  true,  have 
underrated  the  bravery  of  the  defenders  of  the  city,  and 
even  asserted  that  they  surrendered  before  a  breach  was 
made  in  their  walls,  and  when  they  migh*'  w!!  liave  held  out 
for  months.  The  best  answer  to  this  is  contained  in  an  orig- 
inal document,  which  gives  the  most  authentic  account  ot 
the  siege  :  Governor  Shirley's  letter  to  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle. This  was  certified  by  Pepperrell  himself  and  by 
Waldo,  Moore,  Lothrop,  and  Gridley.  It  gives  the  follow- 
ing graphic  description  of  the  condition  of  the  fortress  when 
Du  Chambon  surrendered  : 


"  'And  now,  the  Grand  Battery  being  in  our  possession, 
the  Island  Battery  (esteemed  by  the  French  the  Palladium  of 
Louisbourg)  so  much  annoyed  from  the  Lighthouse  Battery, 
that  they  could  not  entertain  hope  of  keeping  it  much  longer; 
the  enemy's  northeast  battery  being  damaged,  and  so  much 


XXVIl 


! 


i 


APPENDIX. 

exposed  to  the  fire  from  our  advanced  battery,  that  they 
could  not  stand  to  their  guns ;  the  circular  battery  ruined, 
and  all  its  guns  but  three  dismounted,  whereby  the  Harbour 
was  disarmed  of  all  its  principal  batteries ;  the  west  gate  of 
the  city  being  demolished,  and  a  breach  made  in  the  adjoin- 
ing wall ;  the  west  flank  of  the  King's  Bastion  almost  ruined ; 
and  most  of  their  other  guns,  which  had  been  mounted  dur- 
ing the  time  of  the  siege  being  silenced;  all  the  houses  and 
other  buildings  within  the  city  (some  of  which  were  quite 
demolished)  so  damaged  that  but  one  among  them  was  left 
unhurt ;  the  enemy  extremely  harassed  by  their  long  con- 
finement within  their  casemates,  and  other  covered  holds, 
and  their  stock  of  ammunition  being  almost  exhausted, 
Mr.  Du  Chambon  sent  out  a  flag  of  truce.' 

"  And  now  let  me  ask  you  to  consider  with  me  for  a  few 
moments  what  the  Louisbourg  expedition  meant  to  the  world 
of  1745. 

"  Europe  was  then  engaged  in  a  selfish  and  ignoble  war,  in 
which  the  blood  of  the  citizen  was  shed  in  a  cause  that  had 
little  more  to  commend  it  than  the  quarrel  of  pickpockets 
over  their  anticipated  booty.  The  domains  of  Austria  were 
the  spoil  that  was  fought  for,  and  the  or.iy  ruler  on  the  con- 
tinent who  came  out  of  it  with  honor  was  Maria  Theresa. 
The  troops  of  England  gained  little  credit  in  the  conflict. 
They  cut  their  way  through  at  Dettingen,  but  were  driven 
back  by  Marshal  Saxe  at  Fontenoy.  So  feeble  was  the 
flame  of  loyalty  to  the  reigning  Hanoverian  prince,  that  an 
invading  army  of  6,000  Highlanders  marched  to  within  127 
miles  of  London.  Had  their  leaders  not  faltered,  they 
would  probably  have  placed  Charles  Stuart  on  the  throne 
of  his  fathers.  Such,  at  any  rate,  is  Lord  Mahon's  con- 
clusion. The  King  sent  his  treasure  on  board  ship,  and 
was  ready  to  return  to  his  favorite  Hanover.  The  Duke 
of  Newcastle  seriously  considered  whether  it  were  not  wiser 
to  give  in  his  adhesion  to  the  Stuarts.  Cambridge  dons 
planned  a  pleasure  drive  to  see  the  Scots  pass  by. 

"  To  such  an  indifferent,  time-serving  people,  the  news  of 
the  capture  of  Louisbourg  came  like  tidings  of  a  miracle. 
No  wonder  they  rang  their  bells  and  fired  their  cannon,  and 
lighted  up  Cheapside  and  the  Strand.  Doubtless  many  a 
London  burgher  said  to  his  wife  that  if  Warren  had  com- 

xxviii 


|. 


APPENDIX, 


manded  the  Channel  fleet  or  Pepperrell  the  troops  on  land, 
the  French  squadron  would  have  been  destroyed,  and  the 
Chevalier  would  never  have  crossed  the  Tweed. 

"  The  men  who  stood  in  the  trenches  at  Louisbourg,  or 
dragged  their  cannon  across  its  morasses,  were  the  best  men 
of  their  colonies.  They  came  hither  inspired  by  no  greed 
for  conquest.  Their  expedition  was  really  a  defensive  one. 
Their  commerce  had  been  assailed,  their  frontier  settlements 
ravaged  by  hostile  Indians,  their  wives  and  children  massa- 
cred or  carried  into  captivity.  Louisbourg  was  the  harbor 
where  the  French  privateers  found  refuge,  and  whence  ma- 
rauding expeditions  sallied  forth.  Its  massive  walls  were 
twenty-five  years  in  building.  Time  has  dealt  hardly  with 
these,  but  their  ruins  still  bear  witness  to  what  was  called  at 
the  time  the  Dunkirk  of  America.  The  harbor  which  they 
covered  you  behold  before  you,  landlocked  and  secure  from 
the  storms  of  this  rockbound  coast.  The  Island  Battery  and 
the  Grand  Battery  barred  all  hostile  entrance.  And  the  city 
had  magazines  from  which .  all  Canada  might  be  supplied. 

"The  immediate  occasion  of  the  Louisbourg  expedition  was 
an  appeal  for  aid  from  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  archives  of  that 
province  you  will  find  a  letter  from  Governor  Mascarene 
(himself  a  descendant  of  the  banished  Huguenots)  to  Gov- 
ernor Shirley,  of  Massachusetts.  It  was  written  at  Annapo- 
lis Royal,  December,  1744.  In  this  your  Governor  tells 
the  story  of  the  outbreak  of  war,  *  though  no  orders  yet 
from  home  to  proclaim  it.'  .The  fort  at  Annapolis  was 
ruinous ;  but  immediately  soldiers  and  civilians,  English 
and  French,  set  to  work  to  repair  it.  The  hostile  Indians 
swarmed  up  to  the  glacis  and  set  fire  to  the  town.  They 
were  for  a  time  dislodged  by  artill-ry ;  but  soon  Duvivier, 
sent  by  the  Governor  of  Louisbourg,  appeared  with  a  force 
of  French  and  Indians,  and  summoned  the  fort  to  surrender. 
Reinforcements  from  Massachusetts  opportunely  arrived. 
The  brave  Mascarene  refused  to  capitulate.  But  he  felt  that 
he  could  not  hold  the  fort  much  longer  without  further 
aid,  and  wrote  to  Governor  Shirley  for  succor.  In  the  spring 
it  came. 

'*  The  honor  of  suggesting  the  Louisbourg  expedition  has 

xxix 


':| 


I-: 


It, 


'■»■«-•».-.«-.. 


i! 


APPENDIX. 


been  claimed  by  several.  Probably  the  thought  occurred  to 
more  than  one.  The  New  England  people  were  ripe  for  the 
attempt. 

"  The  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  decided,  on  January 
29,  by  a  majority  of  one  vote,  to  undertake  the  expedition. 
Immediately  preparations  were  made  with  the  utmost  speed. 
Those  who  had  opposed  the  plan,  because  of  its  danger, 
vied  with  its  supporters  in  activity  to  promote  its  success. 
So  unremitting  was  this  activity,  so  ardent  was  the  zeal  of 
the  Colonists,  that  more  men  volunteered  than  could  be 
accepted,  and  on  March  24th  the  General  gave  his  signal 
for  sailing. 

"It  is  not  surprising  that  the  enterprise  should  have 
aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  men  like  the  Colonists  of  that  day. 
They  were  the  most  resolute  and  fearless  of  a  resolute  and 
fearless  race.  Religious  zeal  had  led  some  to  this  country. 
Love  of  adventure  had  influenced  others.  They  were  inured 
to  hardship  by  constant  struggle  with  nature.  They  had 
built  their  own  houses  and  their  own  ships,  bad  cleared 
forests  and  ploughed  fields. 

"The  exigency  of  their  situation  had  made  them  ready 
for  any  em'rrgency.  There  were  few  factories  in  America, 
and  the  necessaries  of  life  were  largely  supplied  by  the 
industry  of  the  hamlets.  The  embroidered  waistcoats  and 
purple  coats  of  the  gentry,  as  you  see  them  in  the  portraits 
of  Copley  and  Smybert,  came  fron>  home,  as  England  still 
was  called.  But  the  garments  of  the  sailors  and  farmers, 
who  battered  down  the  walls  of  Louisbourg,  were  woven 
around  their  firesides  in  the  long  winter  evenings.  The 
modern  subdivision  of  labor  increases  its  productiveness,  but 
diminishes  the  dexterity  of  the  individual  in  any  line  but  his 
own. 

"  And  then  we  must  remember  that  the  people  of  the 
thirteen  Colonies  were  a  commercial  and  seafaring  people. 
They  dwelt  in  a  narrow  strip  of  land  extending  along  :he 
Atlantic  coast.  The  boy's  ambition  was  to  go  to  sea.  The 
American  crew  of  the  new  American  steamer,  the  "  St.  Louis," 
a  few  days  ago  struck  for  higher  wages.  But  in  those  days 
the  captain  often  owned  the  ship,  and  every  sailor  expected 

XXX 


! 


% 


I 


APPRNDt>:. 


to  become  a  captain.  Pepperrell's  father  commanded  a 
ship  before  he  owned  one.  The  mariner  hoped  for  advance- 
ment, not  from  Bghting  his  owner,  but  from  successful 
trade,  or  the  capture  of  a  Spanish  galleon,  laden  with  the 
silver  of  Potosi  or  of  Mexico.  Not  only  New  York  and 
Boston,  but  Salem  and  Marblehead,  Portsmouth  and  Kittery, 
were  thriving  commercial  towns.  Indeed,  in  Pepperrell's 
day,  Portsmouth  and  Kittery  had  as  large  a  commerce  as 
New  York.  Pepperrell  himself  owned  a  hundred  vessels, 
and  carried  the  cross  of  St.  George  to  every  port  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Mediterranean  where  Colonial  ships  had 
entrance. 

"  Two  other  characteristics  of  that  America  remain  to  be 
noticed — religious  zeal  and  martial  spirit.  Grahame  well 
describes  the  fervor  of  the  former. 


S  ; 

i 

I 


"  '  The  earnest  expectation  that  pervaded  New  England 
was  at  once  sustained  and  regulated  by  religious  sentiment. 
Fasts  and  prayers  implored  the  divine  blessing  on  the 
enterprise  ;  and  the  people  and  their  rulers,  having  exhausted 
all  the  resources  of  human  endeavor,  and  girded  the 
choicest  of  them  for  battle,  now  sought  to  prepare  their 
minds  for  either  fortune  by  diligent  address  to  the  great 
source  of  hope  and  consolation,  and  awaited  the  result  with 
anxious  and  submissive  awe,  or  with  stern  composure  and 
confidence.' 


"  Candor  compels  me  to  admit  that  this  zeal  was  often 
disfigured  by  bigotry  and  intolerance.  These  were  the 
natural  offspring  of  so-called  religious  wars.  A  man  whose 
house  had  been  burned  over  his  head,  and  himself  and 
children  driven  out  into  the  snow  to  freeze  or  starve,  natu- 
rally conceived  rancor  for  the  faith  under  whose  nominal 
bidding  his  foes  were  acting.  When  we  read  the  story  of 
Tilly  and  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  we  wonder  that  love  and 
charity  remained  at  all  among  men.  It  is  hard  for  us  to 
realize  the  intensity  of  religious  animosity  in  those  days. 
In  our  time  bigotry  still  lingers,  but  only  as  Bunyan  de- 
scribes it  in  the  Pilgrim's  Progress — with  palsied  hand  and 
toothless  jaw,  grinning  at  the  pilgrims  as  they  pass  by.  In 
1745  it  ^^s  ^  passion,  in  Canada  and  New  England  alike. 

xxxi 


II 


APPENDIX. 


I 


I 


■ 


The  chaplain  of  one  of  the  regiments  took  a  hatchet  to  cut 
down  the  Popish  images,  as  he  calls  them.  And  Gibson,  in 
his  interesting  journal  of  the  expedition,  does  not  deign 
to  speak  of  the  French  places  of  worship  as  churches,  but 
styles  them  *  Mass-houses,'  and  evidently  took  a  keen 
delight  in  making  bonfires  of  them. 

' '  Equally  strong  was  the  martial  ardor  of  the  time.  Peace 
was  transient,  war  frequent.  Of  this  the  literature  and  docu- 
ments of  those  days  afford  countless  illustrations.  Let  me 
draw  your  attention  to  one.  In  a  memoir  prepared  in  1773 
by  the  head  of  a  noble  French  family,  the  Chevalier  de 
Repentigny,  he  says : 

" '  In  1632,  my  great-great-grandfather  went  to  Canada, 
with  the  charge  of  accompanying  families  of  his  province, 
in  order  to  establish  that  colony,  in  which  he  himself  set- 
tled. Since  that  epoch  we  have  furnished  to  the  corps  of 
troops  which  served  there  fifty  officers  of  the  same  name,  of 
which  more  than  one-half  has  perished  in  the  war;  my 
father  augmented  the  number  of  them  in  1773  ;  my  grand- 
father was  the  eldest  of  twenty-three  brothers,  all  in  the 
service.     One  son  alone  remains  of  that  numerous  family.' 

''Such  cases  were  not  uncommon  either  in  Canada  or 
the  British  Colonies.  With  all  their  commercial  spirit  the 
Colonists  were  a  military  people.  They  were  warlike  and 
hardy,  though  not  familiar  with  the  movements  of  disci- 
plined armies.  Some  relics  of  those  days  of  conflict  still 
remain  to  tell  the  story  of  anxious  nights  and  watchful 
days.  Block-houses  that  the  Colonists  built  for  defense 
may  still  be  seen  in  the  neighborhood  of  York  and  Kit- 
tery.  The  custom  that  prevailed  in  New  England,  that  the 
father  should  sit  at  the  head  of  the  pew,  originated  in  the 
days  when  every  man  took  his  firelock  to  church,  and  was 
ready  to  turn  out  at  a  moment's  notice  to  repel  the  attack 
of  the  savages. 

"Thus  have  I  tried  to  sketch  the  characteristics  of  the 
Americans  of  1745.  In  times  of  peril  such  characteristics 
always  find  embodiment  in  a  leader.  It  is  common  and  easy 
to  say  that  great  men  are  but  the  expression  of  their  time  and 
lead  it  only  in  the  sense  that  the  spray  leads  the  billow. 

xxxii 


APPENDIX. 

That  is  but  half  the  truth.  When  God  gives  to  mankind 
the  inestimable  gift  of  a  great  man,  he  does,  it  is  true, 
represent  the  spirit  of  his  age.  But  he  leads  it,  as  the  moon 
does  the  tides.  Happy  the  ptople  who  appreciate  such  a 
man  and  are  filled  by  his  spirit,  as  the  Bay  of  Fundy  in 
every  rreek  and  inlet  is  filled  by  the  advancing  flood.  It 
was  fortunate  for  the  Colonies  that  in  the  emergency  of  1745 
there  was  a  leader  whom  they  trusted,  and  who  was  wise 
enough  to  discard  the  visionary  schemes  of  others;  brave 
enough  to  face  the  veterans  of  France,  intrenched  behind 
the  walls  which  the  skill  and  experience  of  Vauban  had 
planned,  and  self-sacrificing  enough  to  leave  home  and 
business,  and  all  that  made  life  pleasant  and  sweet,  to 
endure  the  hardship  and  peril  of  this  expedition  which  Park- 
man  calls  *  a  mad  scheme ' — but  which  Pepperrell  and  his 
followers  dared  to  undertake. 

' '  I  could  not  do  j  ustice  to  the  occasion  or  the  subject  if  I  failed 
to  speak  for  a  moment  of  his  remarkable  career.  He  was  a 
notable  instance  of  the  versatility  and  adaptiveness  which  the 
life  of  those  days  compelled.  He  was  a  successful  merchant. 
He  was  a  gallant  soldier,  accustomed  from  early  youth  to 
draw  the  sword  in  defence  of  his  home  and  country.  He 
had  been  in  actual  service  against  the  Indians  before  he  was 
twenty -one. 

••  He  was  for  twenty-nine  years  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  Maine.  He  was  an  active  and  conspicu- 
ous member  of  his  Majesty's  Council  for  the  Colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. It  is  but  just  to  him  to  add  that  his  religion  was 
not  disfigured  by  bigotry  or  intolerance.  It  was  an  evident 
power  in  his  life,  but  it  always  respected  the  religion  of 
others. 

"  And  now  let  me  return  to  the  story  of  the  expedition  itself. 
I  will  not  dwell  upon  its  details.  Representatives  of  socie- 
ties from  various  States  have  spoken  of  what  each  Colony  did 
to  promote  its  success.  Massachusetts  (which  then  included 
Maine)  certainly  did  the  most.  She  was  the  richest  and 
most  populous.  But  New  Hampshire  and  Connecticut  did 
much,  and  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  and  Penn- 
sylvania came  forward  to  aid,  though  no  troops  of  theirs 

xxxiii 


I  i 


it 


APPBNDIX, 

were  in  the  trenches.  A  Rhode  Island  sloop  of  war  rendered 
essential  service. 

"  When  we  remember  how  difficult  communication  between 
the  Colonies  was  at  the  time  of  which  we  are  speaking,  we 
shall  wonder  that  they  acted  so  much  in  concert — not  that 
they  did  no  more.  The  mails  were  infr-quent — roads  were 
poor.  Oftentimes  the  travellers  in  a  stage-coach  were  obliged 
to  get  out  and  lift  the  wheels  out  of  mud  in  which  they  sunk 
to  the  hubs.  No  one  had  even  dreamed  of  railroad  or  elec- 
tric telegraph.  The  wonderful  power  of  steam  was  unknown. 
It  will  help  us  to  realize  the  obstacles  which  beset  any  con- 
certed action  on  the  part  of  the  Colonies  when  we  remember 
that  even  in  the  old  mother  country  roads  were  so  bad,  and 
the  transmission  of  intelligence  so  slow,  that  the  Chevalier 
had  been  in  Scotland  nearly  three  weeks  before  the  news 
reached  Edinburgh.  The  tidings  of  the  surrender  of  Louis- 
bourg  did  not  reach  Boston  until  July  3,  sixteen  days  after 
the  event,  and  were  first  known  in  New  York  a  week  later. 

"  Such  were  the  difficulties  that  our  fathers  had  to  face.  Yet 
withal  they  had  encouragement.  Providence  had  favored 
their  cause.  The  harvest  of  1744  had  been  abundant,  the 
winter  was  mild,  the  frontiers  of  New  England  had  been 
unmolested,  unexpected  supplies  arrived  from  Great  Britain. 
The  Grand  Battery  was  not  well  fortified  on  the  land  side. 
The  city  had  deprived  itself  of  provisions  to  furnish  the  East 
India  fleet  and  squadron  for  its  recent  voyage  to  France,  and 
the  *  Vigilante,'  which  brought  supplies,  was  captured  by 
Warren.  The  weather  during  the  siege  was  generally  fine. 
The  Colonial  troops  captured  in  the  Grand  Battery,  and 
fished  up  at  the  careening  basin,  the  heavy  cannon  which 
they  needed. 

"  But  all  these  would  have  availed  nothing  had  it  not  been 
for  the  courage,  the  perseverance,  the  aptitude  of  the  men 
who  took  advantage  of  these  favoring  circumstances,  and 
brought  their  fleet  of  one  hundred  vessels,  with  the  little 
army  of  four  thousand  and  fifty  men,  safely  to  Canseau. 
There  to  their  great  delight,  on  April  23,  apppeared  War- 
ren's squadron.  Thence  they  sailed  to  Louisbourg;  on 
April  30  the  troops  landed,  and  after  seven  weeks  of  toil  and 

xxxiv 


I 


APPENDIX, 

peril,  diversified,  as  we  learn,  when  the  soldiers  were  off 
duty,  by  games  and  sports,  the  fortress  was  theirs. 

"  Their  hardihood  and  daring  are  described  in  the  words  of 
one  of  the  gallant  French  garrison  as  repeated  by  Gibson  in 
the  journal  before  mentioned : 

"  *  This  gentleman,  I  say,  told  me  that  he  had  not  had  his 
clothes  off  his  back,  either  by  night  or  day,  from  the  first 
commencement  of  the  siege.  He  added,  moreover,  that  in 
all  the  histories  he  had  ever  read,  he  never  met  with  an  in- 
stance of  so  bold  and  presumptuous  an  attempt ;  that  'twas 
almost  impracticable,  as  anyone  could  think,  for  only  three 
or  four  thousand  raw,  undisciplined  men  to  lay  siege  to 
such  a  strong,  well-fortified  city,  such  garrisons,  batteries, 
etc.  For  should  anyone  have  asked  me,  said  he,  what  num- 
ber of  men  would  have  been  sufficient  to  have  carried  on  that 
very  enterprise,  he  should  have  answered  not  less  than 
thirty  thousand.  To  this  he  subjoined  that  he  never  heard 
of  or  ever  saw  such  courage  and  intrepidity  in  such  a  hand- 
ful of  men,  who  regarded  neither  shot  nor  bombs.  But 
what  was  still  more  surprising  than  all  the  rest,  he  said,  was 
this,  namely,  to  see  batteries  raised  in  a  night's  time,  and 
more  particularly  the  Fascine  battery,  which  was  not  five- 
and-twenty  rods  from  the  city  wall ;  and  to  see  guns  that 
were  forty-two  pounders  dragged  by  the  English  from  their 
grand  battery,  notwithstanding  it  was  two  miles  distant,  at 
least,  and  the  road,  too,  very  rough.' 

"  The  tidings  of  the  surrender  were  received  throughout  the 
Colonies  with  the  utmost  enthusiasm.  The  contemporary 
accounts  are  too  graphic  not  to  be  quoted  : 

**  •  Now  the  churl  and  the  niggard  became  generous,  and 
even  the  poor  forgot  their  poverty,  and  in  the  evening  the 
whole  town  (Boston)  appeared,  as  it  were,  in  a  blaze,  almost 
every  house  being  finely  illuminated. 

"'At  night  the  whole  city  (New  York)  was  splendidly  il- 
luminated, and  the  greatest  demonstration  of  joy  appeared 
in  every  man's  countenance  upon  hearing  the  good  news.' 

"  There  is  a  lesson  in  the  recollection  that  the  leader  of  the 
gallant  band  was  the  richest  man  in  North  America.  He 
recognized  the  responsibility  of  his  position,  and  knew  that 
wealth  is  a  power  which  its  possessor  should  use  for  the  pub- 
lic good  and  not  debase  to  his  own  selfish  enjoyment. 
Horace,  in  one  of  his  inimitable  satires,  which  Pope  has  ad- 

XXXV 


pi 

'i; 


^f; 


■I 


!Kf 


•  I 
I 


APPENDIX. 

mirably  reproduced  in  the  dress  of  Marlborough's  day,  ex- 
presses the  conviction  that  the  rich  man  will  leave  to  others 
the  toils  and  dangers  of  war.  He  cries :  '  Let  him  take  cas- 
tles who  has  ne'er  a  groat.'  The  councillor  and  merchant 
of  1745  was  of  a  different  mind.  Let  his  example  stand  for 
our  time  and  for  all  time,  and  remind  our  millionnaires  and 
landed  proprietors  of  their  duty  and  responsibility  to  their 
country  and  their  fellow  men. 

"  And  now,  let  us  pause  for  a  moment  and  ask  what  was 
the  result  of  this  expedition  ?  Do  its  consequences  merit  a 
monument  ?  At  first  sight,  apparently  not.  The  capture  of 
Louisbourg  is  one  of  those  historical  events  which  were  fruitful 
of  great  results,  but  which  for  the  most  part  were  slow  in 
germination.  Immediately  it  secured  the  cod  fishery  to  the 
Colonists  for  three  years ;  it  cut  the  French  fishermen  off 
from  the  Banks  for  a  like  period  ;  it  destroyed  the  French 
Atlantic  trade  for  1745 ;  it  gave  the  English  a  prize  which 
enabled  them  to  buy  back  Madras  at  the  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle.  India  was  more  valuable  in  the  eyes  of  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle  than  all  the  Atlantic  Colonies. 

"  But  the  remote  consequences  of  this  expedition  far  tran- 
scend in  importance  these  immediate  ones.  It  was  a  school 
of  arms  for  the  Colonial  troops.  Gridley,  who  planned  the 
parallels  and  trenches  at  Louisbourg,  laid  out  also  the  forti- 
fications of  Bunker  Hill.  Pomroy,  who  was  major  in  one 
of  the  Massachusetts  regiments,  and  whose  skill  as  a  gun- 
smith stood  him  in  good  stead  when  he  repaired  the  spiked 
cannon  in  the  Grand  Battery,  rode  in  I7"S  from  Northamp- 
ton at  the  news  of  impending  hostilities,  strode  across  the 
neck  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  was  greeted  by  Putnam  with  words 
which  expressed  the  temper  of  many  a  man  in  1745.  as  well 
as  thirty  years  after :  *  By  God,  Pomroy,  you  here  I  A  can- 
non shot  would  waken  you  out  of  your  grave  ! ' 

**  Its  success  showed  the  Colonies  their  power,  and  the 
necessity  for  their  union.  It  showed  them,  too,  that  in  the 
councils  of  Great  Britain  their  affairs  were  of  minor  import- 
ance. This  was  a  dreadful  shock  to  the  loyal  love  of  the  old 
home  which  then  was  general  in  the  Colonies.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  capture  of  Louisbourg  pointed  out  to  William  Pitt 

xxxvi 


■i 


..fA-^ 


APPENDIX. 


the  possibility  of  the  conquest  of  the  whole  of  Canada,  and 
paved  the  way  for  that. 

**  In  the  next  war  Canada  was  conquered,  and  the  English 
Colonists  freed  from  the  fear  of  attack  from  their  neighbor 
on  the  north.  The  expenses  of  this  war,  and  the  consequent 
demands  of  the  British  exchequer,  led  the  Ministry  to  tax  the 
Colonies.  America  resisted,  and  the  result  was  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution.  By  an  extraordinary  turn  in  the  wheel  of 
time,  the  French  assisted  the  old  English  Colonies  to  become 
an  independent  nation,  while  the  old  French  Colonies  re- 
mained the  property  of  Great  Britain. 

'*  This  Revolution  marks  an  epoch  in  the  history,  not  only 
of  America,  but  of  Europe.  It  was  a  natural  evolution  from 
the  principles  of  Magna  Charta,  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  and 
the  Bill  of  Rights.  The  constitution  of  the  United  States 
translated  these  into  a  new  form  of  government.  The  in- 
fluence of  this  is  to  be  seen  to-day  in  the  constitutions  of 
Great  Britain,  of  the  Dominion  of  Can^^da,  and  of  the  re- 
public of  France.  These  great  governments  differ  in  many 
respects.  Your  own  Dominion,  with  all  its  distinctness  of 
administration,  is  a  part  of  the  British  empire.  But  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that  the  distinctive  principles  of  free- 
dom, regulated  by  the  sovereignty  of  law,  which  are  em- 
bodied in  the  United  States  constitution,  are  more  domi- 
nant in  Britain,  in  Canada,  and  in  France  than  if  the  thir- 
teen Colonies  had  remained  subject  to  the  British  crown. 

**  It  is  now  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  since  the  surrender 
of  Louisbourg.  It  is  one  hundred  and  twelve  years  since  the 
Treaty  of  Paris  recognized  the  independence  of  the  United 
States,  and  confirmed  to  Great  Britain  the  possession  of  Can- 
ada. Surely  the  rancor  of  the  old  wars  ought  by  this  time 
to  be  burned  completely  out.  Surely  we  can  now  agree  that 
the  development  of  these  countries  during  al!  th  t  time  has 
been  promoted  by  the  result  of  those  old  v.'ars.  And  de- 
spite, perhaps  partly  in  consequence  of,  the  magnitude  and 
costliness  of  the  fleets  and  armies  of  to-day,  we  may  believe 
that  the  ties  of  Christian  i'allh,  the  links  of  mutual  trade, 
the  bands  of  friendship,  the  swift  steamer,  and  the  swifter  elec- 
tric current  have  bound  us  so  closely  together  that  English 

xxxvii 


I 


u 


APPENDIX. 

and  French  and  American  armies  shall  never  more  meet  on 
the  battlefield.  We  vie  in  the  peaceful  contests  of  art  and 
science,  and  will  settle  the  inevitable  disputes  by  arbitration. 
There  are  social  problems  before  us  as  difficult  of  solution 
as  any  that  have  vexed  the  past.  The  very  complication  of 
the  interlacing  nerves  of  our  modern  civilization,  which 
offers  so  many  obstacles  to  war  and  binds  nations  over  to 
keep  the  peace,  is  producing  disorders  and  dangers  within 
each  State  that  require  nicer  surgery  than  that  of  the  sword 
or  the  bayonet. 

"  It  is,  then,  with  faces  to  the  future  that  we  dedicate  this 
monument  to  the  memory  of  all  the  brave  men  %vho  fought 
and  fell  at  Louisbourg,  whether  under  the  cross  of  St.  George 
or  the  lilies  of  France.  The  morning  sun  will  illumine  its 
summit.  The  sunset  ray  will  gild  its  massive  and  simple 
outline.  The  storms  and  fogs  of  Cape  Breton  will  gather 
round  it.  In  sunshine  and  storm  alike  let  it  tell  to  all  man- 
kind that  peace  has  her  victories  no  less  renowned  than 
war,  that  the  courage  and  resolution  of  the  fathers  live  in  the 
hearts  of  the  children,  that  we  are  prepared  to  face  the  con- 
flict, the  difficulties,  and  the  perils  of  the  coming  century  in 
firm  reliance  upon  the  protecting  care  of  the  same  God  who 
was  with  our  fathers  and  will  be  with  all  who  are  loyal  to 
Him  to  the  end  of  time.'' 


i'> 


Dr.  David  Mackay,  Superintendent  of  Education,  an  offi- 
cer of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society,  then  made  an 
eloquent  address,  stating  the  interest  his  society  took  in  the 
celebration,  and  cordially  welcomed  the  visiting  Americans. 
He  thanked  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  for  erecting  a 
monument  which  commemorated  an  event  which  rendered 
our  common  ancestry  famous.  He  also  paid  a  warm  tribute 
to  the  chivalry  of  the  French  Canadians,  and  referred  to  the 
high  place  they  occupied  in  politics,  commerce,  history,  and 
literature  in  Canada. 

Hon.  David  McKeen,  M.P.,  was  then  called  upon  to 
make  a  few  remarks. 

As  a  native  of  Cape  Breton  he  thanked  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars  for  erecting  the  monument,  and  said  that 

xxxviii 


APFENDIX. 


5  meet  on 
,f  art  and 
rbitration. 
f  solution 
lication  of 
>n,  which 
IS  over  to 
;ers  within 
■  the  sword 

•dicate  this 
kvho  fought 
St.  George 
Uumine  its 
and  simple 
will  gather 
to  all  man- 
owned  than 
rs  live  in  the 
iace  the  con- 
T  century  in 
ne  God  who 
are  loyal  to 


tion,  an  offi- 
len  made  an 
ty  took  in  the 
g  Americans, 
or  erecting  a 
aich  rendered 
,  warm  tribute 
eferred  to  the 
e,  history,  and 

lied  upon   to 

the  Society  of 
and  said  that 


this  celebration  also  commemorated  the  opening  of  the  Syd- 
ney and  Louisbourg  Railroad,  thus  connecting  the  ancient 
town  with  the  railway  system  of  the  continent,  and  the  day 
would  be  one  long  to  be  remembered.  He  closed  his  re- 
marks by  asking  for  three  hearty  cheers  for  the  members  of 
the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  which  were  given  with  a  will 
by  all  those  present.  The  chairman  returned  the  compli- 
ment by  calling  for  three  cheers  from  the  Americans  on  the 
platform  for  the  people  of  Louisbourg  and  Cape  Breton, 
which  were  given. 

Mr.  Robert  Martin,  of  Sydney,  then  requested  three  cheers 
for  the  daughters  of  America  present,  "  not  forgetting  those 
of  my  own,  my  native  land." 

The  chairman  then  presented  Hon.  D.  H.  Ingraham, 
Consul-General  for  the  United  States  for  Nova  Scotia,  who 
made  a  few  pleasant  remarks,  regretting  that  the  government 
had  not  been  able  to  have  the  navy  represented.  He  congratu- 
lated the  Society  on  the  work  they  had  accomplished,  and 
stated  that  it  was  another  link  in  the  chain  of  friendship 
between  the  two  countries.  At  the  close  of  Mr.  Ingraham's 
speech  the  band  played  the  **  Star-spangled  Banner,"  while 
all  persons  present  stood  bareheaded. 

Mr.  H.  C.  V.  Levatte,  Chairman  of  the  Louisbourg  Aux- 
iliary Committee,  then  read  the  following  address  to  How- 
land  Pell,  Esq.,  Chairman  Louisbourg  Memorial  Committee, 
and  Associate  Members  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  : 

Gentlemen  :  On  behalf  of  the  citizens  of  Louisbourg  we 
extend  you  a  free  and  hearty  welcome.  We  beg  to  recall  the 
fact  that  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  your  forefathers, 
assisted  by  the  forefathers  of  many  Canadian  and  English 
people  (after  enduring  untold  hardships),  had  the  satisfaction 
of  receiving  on  the  17th  of  June  the  keys  of  what  was  con- 
sidered "an  impregnable  fortress"  on  this  spot,  where  to- 
day you  have  generously  erected  a  beautiful  monument  to 
the  memory  of  brave  and  gallant  men.  As  Louisbourg  in 
the  eighteenth  century  was  one  of  the  great  means  of  bring- 
ing peace  and  prosperity  to  the  continent  of  North  America, 
so  we  believe  and  trust  that  through  the  erection  of  this 

xxxix 


—¥*»»  7 


It, 


r; 


APPENDIX. 

granite  shaft  Louisbourg  in  the  nineteenth  century  will  again 
be  the  means  of  cementing  more  largely  than  ever  brotherly 
love  and  good  will — socially  and  commercially — between  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and  the  people  of  Canada 
Assuring  you,  gentlemen,  that  every  time  we  look  on  this 
monument  we  will  remember  with  pleasure  the  Society 
of  Colonial  Wars,  and  trusting  you  may  long  live  to  carry  on 
your  noble  aims  and  objects,  we  beg  to  remain, 

Yours  very  respectfully, 

Henry  C.  V.  Levatte, 
T.  Fraser  Draper, 
James  McShee, 
Edmund  S.  McAlpine, 
Wm.  H.  Lewis, 
Neil  S.  Townsend, 
C.  L.  Mitchell, 
Roderick  McDonald. 

The  chairman  thanked  Mr.  Levatte  for  the  address,  and 
for  the  work  he  had  done  to  make  the  celebration  a  suc- 
cessful one,  and  then  formally  handed  over  the  monument 
to  the  care  and  protection  of  the  citizens  of  Louisbourg. 

The  next  address  on  the  programme  was  that  of  Mr. 
Edward  F.  de  Lancey,  of  New  York,  who  was  unable  to  be 
present,  which  was  as  follows : 

"It  is  well  that  the  Society  of  the  descendants  of  the  men 
of  the  Colonial  days  of  America,  from  1607  to  1775,  should 
by  the  erection  of  the  monument  before  you — so  graceful 
and  effective  in  its  Doric  simplicity — commemorate,  on  the 
site  of  her  own  historic  ramparts,  the  one  hundred  and 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  capture  of  the  famed  Louisbourg, 
the  key  of  New  France,  and  the  only  scientifically  fortified 
city  at  that  time  in  North  America. 

"France,  throwing  off  all  disguise,  declared  war  against 
England  on  the  15th  of  March,  1744,  and  England  de- 
clared war  against  France  on  the  tenth  of  the  following 
April.  But  the  fact  of  war  was  not  known  in  the  British 
American  colonies  generally  till  the  beginning  of  the  suc- 


.2i- 


APPENDIX. 


ceeding  June,  so  slow  were  the  communications  in  those 
days. 

"  New  York,  the  widely  extended  frontiers  of  which  ex- 
posed her  more  than  any  of  the  other  colonies  to  the  attacks 
of  the  French  and  Indians  from  Canada,  acted  promptly. 
She  took  instant  measures  for  their  protection,  as  well  as  for 
the  safety  of  her  chief  city  by  the  sea.  The  whole  popula- 
tion of  the  entire  Province  of  New  York,  men,  women,  and 
children,  in  1744,  amounted  to  only  61,500,  yet  within  three 
years,  ending  in  the  spring  of  1747,  she  raised  ;^7o,ooo 
currency  for  military  purposes  and  operations,  and  a  few 
months  later  ;^28,ooo  more,  and  also  kept  in  the  field 
1,600  men. 

"  Notwithstanding  this  great  drain  on  her  resources,  her 
Assembly,  in  answer  to  the  call  of  the  Government  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  early  in  1745,  ^^  "^^^^  y^^^*  for  3>d  to 
the  Louisbourg  expedition,  voted  and  paid  to  Massachu- 
setts the  sum  of  ;£5,ooo.  She  also,  through  her  Governor, 
sent  on  to  Boston  for  that  expedition  ten  eighteen-pounder 
cannon  with  their  carriages,  and  shot  for  the  same,  paying, 
too,  the  freight  and  expenses  of  their  transportation.  These 
were  the  heaviest  guns  Pepperrell  possessed.  She  sent  no 
men,  because  all  she  could  raise  were  needed  for  the  defence 
of  her  own  frontiers  and  the  city  of  New  York. 

"  American  writers  have  claimed  for  different  New  Eng- 
land men,  Auchmuty,  Vaughan,  and  Bradstreet,  the  author- 
ity for  the  last  being  Pepperrell  himself,  the  honor  of  first 
suggesting  the  taking  of  Louisbourg.  But  it  is  a  fact,  and  a 
fact  which  cannot  be  truthfully  denied,  that  this  honor  be- 
longs to  Lieutenant-Governor  George  Clarke  of  New  York. 
He  first  suggested  it  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  in  a  letter 
dated  *  New  York,  22  April,  1741,*  to  be  seen  in  the  sixth 
volume  of  the  Colonial  Documents  of  New  York,  page  183, 
in  which  he  says:  '  The  harbour  of  Louisbourg  at  Breton  is 
strongly  fortified,  and  the  entrance  defended  by  a  battery  of 
fifty  guns.  There  is  sufficient  water  for  the  biggest  ships, 
and  the  harbour  is  capable  of  containing  a  very  large  fleet ; 
its  situation  gives  them  (the  French)  all  the  advantages  they 
contend  for ;  it  secures  their  own  navigation  to  Quebec,  and 

xli 


4'' 


APPENDIX. 

gives  them  but  too  great  opportunities  to  annoy  and  inter- 
rupt our  Fishery.'  And  after  stating  that  every  spring  ships 
and  supplies  are  sent  out  from  France,  continues  in  these 
words:  '  The  only  time,  therefore,  to  attempt  with  the  most 
advantage  the  taking  of  the  place  will  be  at  the  breaking  up 
of  winter,  and  before  their  ships  come  from  France,  and 
this  may  be  done,  and  for  the  expedition  I  am  persuaded 
that  four  or  five  thousand  men  may  be  raised  in  New  Eng- 
land, if  the  officers,  as  they  were  for  the  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards,  be  appointed  in  these  provinces,  but  then  I 
presume  it  will  be  necessary  that  they  be  disciplined  before 
they  embark.' 

"Again,  on  the  19th  of  June,  1743,  in  a  'state'  for  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  dated  at  New  York,  Governor  Clarke 
reiterated  his  proposal  a  second  time,  saying :  '  But  before 
we  begin  that  work ' — the  proposed  taking  of  Canada — *  I 
presume  to  think  we  ought  to  take  Cape  Breton,  a  place 
well  fortified,  and  from  whence  the  French  can  annoy  our 
fishery  at  Newfoundland,  and  guard  their  own  navigation  to 
and  from  Canada.  That  place  is  such  a  thorn  in  the  sides 
of  the  New  England  people,  that  it  is  very  probable  that  a 
large  body  of  men  may  be  raised  there  to  assist  in  any  such 
design.'  This  document  is  in  the  same  volume  as  that 
first  mentioned,  on  page  229. 

"  How  true  Governor  Clarke's  words  were,  and  how  per- 
fectly his  proposition  and  design  were  carried  out,  the  result, 
just  four  years  after  the  first,  and  two  years  after  this  last, 
statement  was  written,  conclusively  proved. 

"Although  first  proposed  by  a  Governor  of  New  York, 
the  actual  expedition  was  solely  due  to  William  Shirley, 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  Defeated  in  his  own 
Legislature,  on  first  proposing  the  enterprise,  he  only  suc- 
ceeded, on  a  reconsideration,  by  a  majority  of  one.  To  Shir- 
ley, and  to  Shirley  alone,  is  due  the  greatest  credit  for  the 
event  we  are  now  commemorating.  He  aroused  the  people, 
and  his  energy  directed  their  action.  He  selected  all  the 
officers  for  his  army,  except  the  second  in  command,  Roger 
Wolcott  (whose  appointment  Connecticut  made  the  sine  qua 
non  of  her  five  hundred  and  sixteen  men  joining  in  the  ex- 

xlii 


t, 


APPENDIX. 


I! 


pedition),  and  he  appointed  them  all.  Had  Shirley  never 
existed,  Louisbourg  would  never  have  been  taken  in  174$. 
True,  he  was  aided  by  circumstances,  and  by  certain  charac- 
teristics of  New^England  at  that  day.  One  was,  in  the  words 
of;Parkman,  the  historian,  'that  privateering,  and  piracy 
also,  against  Frenchmen  and  Spaniards  which  was  then  a 
favorite  pursuit  in  New  England.'  Another  was  that  bitter, 
savage,  Calvinistic,  Puritan  hatred  to  the  French  as  Roman 
Catholics  which  existed  throughout  New  England.  Still 
another  was  enmity  to  all  outside  of  themselves  engaged  in  the 
fisheries.  And  a  fourth  was  the  hereditary  national  antago- 
nism of  Englishmen  to  Frenchmen. 

"There  was  still  another  element  in  Shirley's  favor  not 
referred  to  by  our  American  historians.  This  was  the  feel- 
ing against  the  French  for  supporting  the  exiled  house  of 
Stuart  in  its  attempts  to  regain  the  English  throne.  That 
of  1744  having  failed,  at  the  very  time  Shirley,  in  January, 
1745,  was  rousing  New  England  against  Louisbourg,  and 
barely  succeeding.  Prince  Charles  Stuart  in  Paris  was  rous- 
ing the  French  Government,  and  his  own  adherents  in 
Great  Britain,  to  a  second  attempt.  England  lost  Fontenoy 
May  1 1  th,  four  days  only  after  the  siege  of  Louisbourg  began, 
and  Prince  Charles,  fifteen  days  after  its  capture,  sailed 
on  the  second  expedition,  which  'resulted  in  that  wonder- 
ful exploit  of  his  conquering  all  Scotland  and  half  of  Eng- 
land, winning  several  historic  battles,  and  reaching  the  city 
of  Derby,  one  hundred  aud  twenty-seven  miles  only 
from  London,  before  Christmas.  The  great  bulk  of  the 
American  colonists  were  loyal  to  their  Hanoverian  King, 
the  New  Englanders  almost  to  a  man,  and  were,  there- 
fore, intensely  angered  against  Prince  Charles's  French 
allies. 

*'  Such  were  the  causes  which  contributed  to  the  astonish- 
ing success  of  what  Mr.  Parkman — perhaps,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Prescott,  the  ablest  of  the  New  England  historians  of 
our  day — well  calls  the  '  mad  scheme '  of  the  expedition  to 
Louisbourg. 

^'  In  the  arrangements  made  for  this  celebration,  others 
have  spoken  well  and  fully  of  General  Pepperrell  and  his 

xliii 


|i' 


APPENDIX. 


brave  army.  It  falls  to  me  to  speak  of  Commodore  Warren 
and  his  fleet,  and  their  action  during  the  siege. 

*'  Commodore,  later  Sir  Peter  Warren,  K.B.,  belonged  to 
the  ancient  family  of  the  Warrens  of  Warrenstown,  in  the 
county  of  Meath,  just  west  of  Dublin,  one  of  the  '  English- 
Irish '  families  '  within  the  pale,'  whose  estates  in  Ireland, 
part  of  which  descended  to  him,  were  originally  granted  to 
his  ancestors  in  Strongbow's  time.  His  father.  Captain 
Michael  Warren,  and  his  grandfather,  Captain  Thomas  War- 
ren, both  sprung  from  a  long  line  of  distinguished  military 
men  in  Irish  annals,  were  officers  in  the  trying  times  of  the 
wars  in  Ireland  in  the  seventeenth  century.  His  mother 
was  Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir  Christopher  Aylmer,  Baro- 
net, of  Balrath,  in  the  same  county  of  Meath,  and  widow 
of  Sir  Nicholas  Plunkett,  Baronet ;  her  mother  being  Mar- 
garet, third  daughter  of  Matthew,  fifth  Lord  Louth,  by  his 
wife  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Fitz  William  of  Meryon. 
Sir  Peter,  the  youngest  child  of  his  parents,  was  born  at  the 
family  home  in  Warrenstown,  in  1703.  His  father  dying  in 
17 12,  his  elder  brother,  Oliver  Warren,  a  young  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  succeeding  to  the  family  estates  and  their  man« 
agement,  and  the  care  of  his  father's  family,  resigned  and 
returned  to  Ireland.  This  brother,  three  years  later,  in  171 5, 
placed  Peter  in  the  care  of  their  maternal  uncle,  Admiral 
Lord  Aylmer,  then  one  of  the  highest  officers  in  the  British 
Navy,  to  be  brought  up  in  that  service — a  choice  of  life 
which  met  his  own  wishes  exactly.  Under  his  uncle's  in- 
structions and  care,  united  to  his  own  good  sense,  alacrity, 
and  attention  to  his  duties,  young  Warren  showed  such  tal- 
ent in  his  profession  that  he  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant 
in  1722,  at  the  early  age  of  nineteen.  Of  attractive  manners, 
quick  in  perception  and  action,  but  clear-headed  and  calm 
in  judgment,  his  promotion  was  rapid. 

"  On  April  17th,  1726,  he  was  made  a  post-captain  and 
appointed  to  the  '  Grafton,'  ship  of  the  line,  and  ordered  to 
the  Mediterranean.  Two  years  later,  in  the  spring  of  1728, 
Captain  Warren  was  transferred  to  the  'Solebay,' with  orders 
to  carry  the  King  of  Spain's  despatches  to  his  Viceroy  in 
Mexico,  to  carry  out  the  preliminaries  of  the  peace  then 

zliv 


APPENDIX. 

made,  and  afterward  to  proceed  to  South  Carolina  and  New 
York.  He  delivered  the  despatches  at  Vera  Cruz  on  the 
third  of  July,  and  sailed  at  once  for  the  two  colonies  just 
named,  arriving  in  New  York  late  in  the  same  year ;  an 
event  which  affected  his  whole  life,  and  ever  after  bound 
him  closely  to  that  city  and  province. 

«  Peace  from  1729  lasted  for  several  years,  and  Captain 
Warren  was  unemployed  until  the  spring  of  1735.  During 
this  period  he  resided  in  the  city  of  New  York,  having  mar- 
ried, in  1731,  Susannah,  eldest  daughter  of  Etienne  (in 
English,  Stephen)  de  Lancey,  of  that  city,  and  his  wife 
Anne,  second  daughter  of  Stephanus  van  Cortlandt,  of 
Cortlandt's  Manor,  and  his  wife,  Gertrude  Schuyler.  Mr. 
de  Lancey  was  a  French  Huguenot  gentleman,  who  on  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  in  1685,  fled  from  France 
to  Holland,  and  thence  via  England  to  New  York,  where  he 
arrived  June  7,  1686.  He  died  in  1741,  having  held  many 
public  positions,  and  leaving  a  large  estate.  This  marriage 
was  the  cause  of  Warren's  identifying  himself  ever  after  with 
New  York,  an  interest  which  caused  Shirley  to  apply  to  him 
on  behalf  of  his  Louisbourg  project  in  1745.  On  February 
II,  1730,  the  Common  Council  voted  the  freedom  of  the 
city  of  New  York  to  *  Peter  Warren,  Esq.,  Commander  of 
His  Majesty's  ship  **  Solebay." '  *  He  acquired  an  immense 
estate  on  the  south  side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  just  east  of 
its  junction  with  the  Schoharie  Kill,  for  the  settling  and 
management  of  which  he  brought  out  his  nephew,  his  sis- 
ter's son,  afterwards  the  celebrated  Sir  William  Johnson, 
Baronet,  so  prominent  in  the  civic,  Indian,  and  military 
annals  of  New  York  and  North  America.  About  1740  War- 
ren bought  that  great  tract  in  the  city  of  New  York  known 
to  this  day  as  *  the  Sir  Peter  Warren  farm,'  extending  from  the 
North  River  on  the  west  to  what  is  now  Broadway  on  the  east, 
and  from  about  Fourth  Street  on  the  south  to  about  Twenty- 
first  Street  on  the  north.  On  the  western  part  of  this  estate 
he  built  a  large  and  splendid  residence,  with  grounds  extend- 
ing to  the  North  River,  which  was  only  demolished  to  make 

*  New  York  Historical  Collections,  vol.  xviii.,  for  1885,  p.  483. 

xlv 


^Xidbii;!.:!'  rtRmi^^^ 


'  II 


r  I 


APPENDIX, 

way  for  modern  improvements  in  1865.  In  this  house,  in 
1748,  being  then  far  out  of  town,  the  New  York  Assembly 
held  its  meetings,  Captain  Warren  having  written,  tender- 
ing it  for  that  purpose,  as  out  of  reach  of  the  contagion  of 
the  smallpox,  then  raging  in  the  city. 

"  The  estates  of  Sir  Peter  in  New  York  eventually  under 
his  will  descended  to  his  three  surviving  daughters  (his  only 
son  Peter,  dying  in  infancy,  lies  buried  in  the  de  Lancey 
vault  in  Trinity  Churchyard),  Anne,  Lady  Southampton  ; 
Charlotte,  Countess  of  Abingdon;  and  Susanna,Mrs.  General 
William  Skinner  of  New  Jersey,  whose  only  child  was  the 
wife  of  Henry,  third  Viscount  Gage.  These  ladies  and 
their  husbands,  becoming  alarmed  by  the  French  Revolution 
of  1789,  and  fearing  that  the  then  new  constitution  of  the 
United  States  of  the  same  year  could  not  save  this  country 
from  destruction,  made  the  very  great  mistake  of  at  once  sell- 
ing all  their  American  properties. 

*'  Sir  Peter's  first  residence  in  New  York,  however,  was 
near  'The  Longbridge,' at  the  foot  of  Broad  street,  which 
unfortunately  was  one  of  those  houses  burnt  during  the  negro 
plot  and  insurrection,  as  it  was  called,  in  1741. 

"When  war  broke  out  between  England  and  Spain  in 
October,  1739,  Captain  Warren,  at  his  own  request,  was 
given  the  command  of  the  'Squirrel,'  and  joined  the  fleet  in 
the  West  Indies  under  Commodore  Pierce.  From  that  time 
he  was  engaged  in  short  cruises  against  the  Spaniards,  till 
he  sailed  for  England  in  September,  1741,  and  was  there 
given  the  command  of  the  'Launceston,' of  forty  guns,  and 
returned  to  New  York.  Governor  Clinton  recommended 
him  for  the  Governor's  Council,  and  the  King,  in  March, 
1744,  appointed  him  by  mandamus  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Province  of  New  York.  This  office  he  held  until  his 
death,  in  1752.  Early  in  the  same  year,  1744,  Captain 
Warren  was  commissioned  Commodore,  and  given  the 
command  of  a  fleet  of  fifteen  ships,  carrying  550  guns, 
stationed  in  the  West  Indies,  the  rendezvous  ofwhich  was  the 
Island  of  Antigua.  His  flagship  was  the  '  Superbe,'  a  sixty- 
gun  frigate.  So  active  and  successful  was  he  in  this  first  year 
of  the  war,  that  between  the  middle  of  February  and  the  ist 

xlvi 


' 


APPENDIX. 

of  June,  1744,  he  captured  twenty>four  prizes,  carrying  203 
guns  and  valued  at  ;^25o,ooo  sterling.  The  '  Launceston,'one 
of  his  squadron,  needing  many  repairs,  Commodore  Warren 
returned  in  her  to  New  York,  arriving  on  the  2Sth  June, 
when  he  was  publicly  received  with  general  acclamation  in 
testimony  of  his  services  in  the  war. 

"  As  soon  as  the  repairs  of  the  *  Launceston,'  which  were 
made  at  Turtle  Bay  on  the  East  River,  were  completed,  she 
returned  to  the  West  Indies,  and  Warren  resumed  the  com- 
mand  of  his  fleet  in  his  flagship  '  Superbe,'  and  continued 
active  operations  against  the  enemy.  On  the  ninth  of  March 
in  the  next  year,  174S,  the  sloop  of  war  'Hind'  arrived 
at  Antigua  from  England.  She  brought  despatches  to  Com- 
modore  Warren  with  orders  '  to  proceed  to  Boston  to  concert 
measures  for  the  annoyance  of  the  enemy  and  His  Majesty's 
service  in  North  America.'  These  orders  were  the  result  of 
a  letter  written  by  Governor  Shirley  to  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle in  November,  1 744,  that  Acadia  and  the  fisheries  were 
in  danger  from  the  French,  and  that  a  fleet  of  war  ships  was 
necessary  for  their  protection.  When  Governor  Shirley  had 
begun  his  preparations,  late  in  January,  1745,  he  wrote 
Warren  at  Antigua  for  naval  aid  in  his  expedition.  On  re- 
ceipt of  his  letter  Warren  called  a  council  of  his  officers  to 
consider  it.  Though  very  desirous  to  do  so,  the  council 
decided  that  without  orders  from  England  they  had  no 
right  to  detach  any  of  the  squadron  from  its  station,  and 
Warren  so  wrote  Shirley.  Two  or  three  days  only  after 
Warren's  answer  had  been  sent,  the  *  Hind '  arrived  with  the 
despatches  just  mentioned,  and  Commodore  Warren  at  once 
sailed  for  Boston  with  three  of  his  fleet,  the  '  Superbe,'  the 
'Mermaid,'  and  the  'Launceston.'  Within  thirty  leagues 
of  that  port  he  met  a  schooner  from  which  he  learned  that 
Shirley's  expedition  had  already  sailed  for  Canseau,  and 
immediately  bore  up  for  that  place.  Arriving  there  on  the 
23d  of  April,  1745,  he  communicated  his  orders  to  Pep- 
perrell,  who  was  there  encamped,  to  the  intense  satisfac- 
tion of  that  general  and  his  army.  Receiving  a  compli- 
mentary reply,  Warren,  without  landing,  at  once  sailed  to 
blockade  the  entrance  to  the  harbour  of  Louisbourg,  about 

xlvii 


\.i:,. 


""■  ^wr**-"-   »j— < 


!^i 


1^  '< 


i 


el' 


I 


'3 


APPENDIX. 

one  hundred  miles  distant,  with  four  ships  of  war,  the 
'  Eltham,'  of  forty  guns,  having  been  ordered  from  Boston 
to  Canseau  by  Shirley. 

"  Seven  days  later,  Pepperrell  with  his  forces  arrived  from 
Canseau,  and  landed  with  but  slight  opposition  at  Gabarus 
Bay,  directly  in  the  rear  of  the  city  of  Louisbourg,  and 
preparations  for  siege  operations  began.  These  were  com- 
pleted on  May  7th,  and  then  Warren  and  Pepperrell  by  a  flag 
demanded  a  surrender  of  the  fortress  and  city.  Duchambon, 
the  Governor,  by  the  same  flag  returned  the  soldierly  reply 
that  their  only  answer  would  be  at  the  cannon's  mouth. 
This  was  received  at  5  p.m.  the  same  afternoon,  and  firing 
was  at  once  opened  from  Pepperell's  land  batteries.  On  the 
20th  of  May,  thirteen  days  later,  little  progress  having  been 
made,  Pepperell  wrote  Warren,  'Our  men  sicken  apace, 
great  numbers  are  now  unfit  for  service,'  and  regretting  he 
had  made  no  further  progress  ;  '  which,'  he  continues,  '  is 
partly  attributable  to  undisciplined  troops  and  sickness 
among  them,'  and  stating  that  he  had  not  more  than  two 
thousand  men  fit  for  duty.* 

•'On  receiving  Pepperrell's  letter.  Commodore  Warren 
called  a  council  of  the  oflicers  of  the  fleet  on  May  24th.  They 
decided  that  the  best  plan  would  be  for  the  men-of-war  to 
sail  into  the  harbor  and  bombard  the  town  and  batteries, 
first  embarking  in  different  ships  sixteen  hundred  of  the 
land  forces,  very  many  of  whom  were  sailors  and  fishermen ; 
six  hundred  of  them  to  man  the  prize  frigate 'Vigilante,' 
which  he  had  captured  three  days  before,  and  one 
thousand  with  their  officers  to  be  landed  when  judged  proper 
to  aid  in  the  capture  ;  the  marines  of  the  fleet,  under  Colonel 
McDonald,  to  join  the  remainder  of  the  army  on  shore,  and 
to  lead  in  the  attack  as  an  independent  brigade  under 
Pepperrell.  Previous  to  the  council  of  officers,  Warren  had 
taken  two  French  frigates,  and  on  the  20th  of  May  Cap- 
tain Douglass  in  the  '  Mermaid '  had  fallen  in  with  the 
French  frigate  'Vigilante,'  sixty-four  guns,  but  finding  her 
too  heavy  for  him,  retreated  towards  the  fleet,  and  she,  fol- 

*  London  Mag^azine,  1746. 
xlviii 


APPENDIX. 

lowing,  was  engaged  by  Warren  in  the '  Superbe'  and  Captain 
Tyngin  the  'Massachusetts*  and  captured, with  a  large  amount 
of  supplies  and  munitions  of  war,  being  the  first  of  a  fleet 
expected  from  Brest  at  Louisbourg.  Pepperrell,  by  advice 
of  his  own  council  of  officers,  on  the  26th,  declined  War- 
ren's proposal  of  the  24th,  they  fearing  that  by  agreeing  to 
it  they  would  give  the  command  to  Warren,  and  with  it 
the  credit  of  the  capture  should  it  prove  successful,  and  sug- 
gested his  manning  the  '  Vigilante '  from  his  own  fleet,  and 
also  stating  that  the  army  itself  would  attempt  the  capture 
of  the  Island  Battery.  This  was  the  chief  defence  of  the 
harbor,  mounting  thirty-two  guns,  and  commanded  at  short 
range  its  entrance  from  the  ocean. 

**  On  getting  Pepperrell's  answer,  Warren,  on  the  same 
day,  the  26th,  again  wrote  him  urging  at  least  the  six  hun- 
dred men  to  man  the  'Vigilante,'  his  fleet  being  at  the 
time  short  of  men ;  but  Pepperrell  agained  declined.  The 
very  next  night,  the  27th  of  May,  two  hundred  men  of  the 
army  were  embarked  in  boats  to  take  the  Island  Battery. 
They  made  a  brave  attack,  but  unfortunately  were  utterly 
defeated  with  a  loss  of  sixty  killed  and  one  hundred  and  six- 
teen wounded.* 

"Two  days  after  this  disaster,  on  the  29th  of  May,  War- 
ren again  in  a  letter  to  Pepperrell  urged  his  former  plan, 
saying  he  was  sorry  his  views  and  those  of  his  officers  '  had 
so  little  weight ; '  quotes  Shirley's  letter  of  the  28th  of  Janu- 
ary, received  by  him  at  Antigua,  suggesting  that  if  he,  War- 
ren, could  '  come  and  take  command  of  the  expedition  it 
would  be,  I  doubt  not,  a  most  happy  event  for  His  Majesty's 
service,'  and  then  continues:  *  I  do  not  mention  this  from 
any  desire  of  command,  because  I  think  It  impossible  to 
do  one's  duty  well  in  two  capacities  both  by  sea  and  land, 
especially  as  I  pretend  to  know  very  little  of  the  latter,  but 
to  show  my  opinion,'  which  *  in  conjunction  with  the  captains 
under  my  command,  might  have  some  weight  and  force 
with  you.'  In  the  same  letter  he  further  says:  '  I  am  ready 
and  desirous  to  make  the  ships  useful  as  possible  at  all  haz- 

*  Niles's  History  of  the  Indian  and  French  Wars. 

xlix 


—  ^  »»«<«;.  V 


;  '-""HiKUwV:-'.-"  iT-S::r!4'.. 


f^h 


\. 


APPENDIX. 

ards  in  an  affair  of  so  much  importance  to  our  king  and 
country,  and  that  was  the  motive  that  induced  me  to  send 
you  the  plan  of  operation  dated  the  24th  inst. 

"  '  As  to  the  sixteen  hundred  men  we  desired  from  you, 
it  was  in  order  to  land  them  from  our  ships,  when  we  should 
think  proper ;  and  it  is  impossible  that  anybody  else  should 
be  so  good  judges  when  to  land  them  as  we  on  board  the 
ships.  Their  officers  would  no  doubt  come  on  board  with 
them  and  would  land  with  them.' 

**  Pepperrell,  on  getting  this  letter,  called  another  council 
of  his  officers  on  June  ist.  They  then  changed  their  views, 
and  decided  to  send  the  six  hundred  men  to  man  the  '  Vigi- 
lante,' and  also  five  hundred  men  with  their  officers  to  be 
disposed  of  as  Commodore  Warren  saw  fit  and  also  that  he 
should  land  his  marines  under  McDonald  as  he  had  proposed. 
Their  whole  action  from  the  beginning  was  but  the  result  of 
mere  provincial  jealousy,  of  which  they  finally  got  the  better. 

•*  Warren  now  put  the  *  Vigilante '  in  commission,  and 
offered  the  command  very  cordially  to  Captain  Edward  Tyng 
of  the  Colonial  ship  *  Massachusetts,' the  senior  officer  of  Pep- 
perrell's  flotilla,  with  the  rank  of  post-captain  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  Tyng,  however,  declined  it  on  account  of  his  ad- 
vanced age,  and  recommended  Captain  Rouse  (of  the  *  Shir- 
ley,' Colonial  ship),  and  it  was  given  to  him.* 

"  Pepperrell 's  army  at  this  time  was  in  a  bad  way.  He 
himself  wrote  Governor  Shirley  on  June  2d,  '  that  powder 
and  balls  were  nearly  used  up,  and  many  of  his  guns  idle  ; 
that  he  had  borrowed  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  barrels 
of  powder  from  Commodore  Warren,  that  his  troops  were 
greatly  inferior  to  those  of  the  enemy,  that  he  had  fifteen 
hundred  sick,  and  that  a  reinforcement  of  three  thousand 
men  was  absolutely  necessary  from  the  Colonies,  who  had 
an  inadequate  idea  of  the  enemies'  strength  ;  that  if  it  be 
possible  to  settle  with  Warren  a  general  attack  it  would  be 
done,  but  should  the  event  bear  heavily  on  the  land  forces 
they  should  only  be  able  to  act  on  the  defensive  part  under 
cover  of  the  ships.' 

*  Rev.  T.  Alden's  Memoir  of  Edward  Tyng. 
1 


0 


APPENDIX. 

"Not  long  after  he  reached  Louisbouig,  Commodore 
Warren  was  joined  by  three  ships  of  the  line  sent  to  him 
from  England,  the  'Canterbury'  and  'Sunderland,'  sixty 
guns  each,  and  the  '  Chester,'  of  fifty  guns. 

"  On  June  ist,  Warren,  suspecting  that  the  enemy  were 
ignorant  of  the  capture  of  the  *  Vigilante,'  with  her  valuable 
cargo  of  supplies  and  ordnance,  wrote  Pepperrell  proposing 
a  plan  to  have  her  French  commander  write  to  Duchambon 
on  the  ill-treatment  of  prisoners  by  his  garrison,  and  describ- 
ing his  own  good  treatment  and  that  of  his  men  on  Warren's 
ships.  This  suggestion  was  adopted,  and  thus  the  Governor 
and  his  garrison  learned  of  her  loss  to  them  and  the  additions 
to  the  English  fleet,  thus  discouraging  them  and  so  tempting 
them  to  a  surrender.''^ 

"After  the  transfer  of  Colonel  McDonald's  marines  to 
the  land,  and  the  land  forces  to  the  ships,  at  a  meeting  of 
the  officers  it  was  deemed  best  not  to  enter  the  harbor  with  the 
ships  until  the  Island  Battery  was  taken,  and  a  plan  to  capture 
it  from  boats  was  formed.  But  on  the  iithof  June  three 
more  ships,  the  *  Princess  Mary,'  the  *  Hector,'  and  the 
'  Lark,'  joined  the  fleet,  from  Newfoundland,  and  Commodore 
Warren  felt  so  strong  that  he  gave  up  the  idea  of  taking  the 
Island  Battery,  and  decided  to  sail  into  the  harbor  with  the 
first  fair  wind  and  attack  both  battery  and  city.  He  and 
Pepperrell  arranged  a  joint  attack  by  land  and  sea.  The 
preparations  were  completed  on  the  14th,  and  the  next  day, 
the  isth,  Warren  was  to  sail  into  the  harbor  and  Pepperrell 
to  attack  on  the  land  side  at  the  Westgate.  On  that  day, 
while  Warren  and  Pepperrell  were  conferring  on  shore, 
Duchambon,  the  French  Governor,  sent  a  flag  of  truce  with 
a  letter,  proposing  a  suspension  of  hostilities  preparatory  to 
negotiations  for  a  surrender.  This  letter  was  addressed  to 
both  Warren  and  Pepperrell,  and  they  sent  a  joint  reply  com- 
plying with  his  request,  and  giving  him  till  eight  o'clock  the 
next  morning  to  surrender,  promising  '  humane  and  gen- 
erous treatment,'  signing  it  thus — 

*  Letters  referring  to  capture  of  Cape  Breton,  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society. 

li 


/t 


■^'^mrnm-^m^ 


s:',''''W!Ss?'i*'2-"~ 


APPENDIX. 

**  *  Peter  Warren. 
William  Pepperell.* 


i>  '  t 


i;! 


"  Duchambon,  on  the  i6th,  made  his  offer  of  surrender,  but 
Warren  declined  the  terms  and  sent  his  own,  which  were 
those  first  demanded  on  May  yth,  with  a  slight  addition. 
While  these  negotiations  were  depending  between  Warren 
and  the  Governor,  Pepperrell  sent  the  latter  a  letter  demand- 
ing the  surrender  to  him,  and  asking  him  to  fix  a  time  for 
his  troops  to  enter.  The  Governor,  not  liking  its  language, 
sent  it  to  Warren.  The  latter  wrote  at  once  a  friendly  letter 
to  Pepperrell,  saying  that  the  terms  of  capitulation  should 
at  least  be  agteed  upon  before  its  occupancy  by  the  troops; 
and,  referring  to  the  note  itself,  said  :  '  I  am  sorry  to  find  a 
kind  of  jealousy  which  I  thought  you  would  never  conceive 
of  me.  And  give  me  leave  to  tell  you  I  don't  want  at  this 
time  to  acquire  reputation,  as  I  flatter  myself  mine  has  been 
pretty  well  established  long  before.' 

**  Pepperrell  subsequently  told  Warren  his  reason  was  that 
he  feared  that  if  the  place  was  not  immediately  occupied  by 
his  troops  its  garrison  might  destroy  much  of  its  valuable 
property,  an  intimation  of  which  unsoldierly  conduct  in 
his  note  to  Duchambon  caused  the  latter  to  show  it  to  War- 
ren. Pepperrell's  whole  conduct  before,  during,  and  after 
the  siege  showed  that  he  had  no  personal  jealousy  of  War- 
ren, but  he  was  the  commander  of  ofificers  and  men  who 
thought  that  to  the  army  and  not  to  the  navy  was  due  the 
chief  credit,  a  very  common  feeling  in  joint  operations. 
Both  leaders  assented  to  the  French  forces  marching  out 
with  drums  beating  and  colors  flying.  The  articles  of  capit- 
ulation were  signed  on  each  side  on  June  i6th,  and  on  the 
17th  the  ships  sailed  into  the  harbor,  and  the  portion  of  the 
army  on  shore  under  Pepperrell  marched  into  the  city,  took 
possession,  and  garrisoned  the  fortifications. 

"  Thus,  after  a  siege  lasting  forty-seven  days,  Louisbourg 
fell.  'The  mad  scheme'  proved  a  great  success.  The 
boldness  and  bravery  of  New  England,  and  the  courage  and 
skill  of  Old  England,  united,  met  their  just  reward. 

"  The  two  leaders  ever  remained  warm  friends,  and  Pep- 
It 


_j:i»*^- 


■*  vPP 


.    APPENDIX. 

perrell  visited  Warren  in  England  a  few  years  later.  They 
exchanged  with  each  other  portraits  of  themselves  and  their 
wives.  That  of  Warren,  which  was  painted  in  England,  after 
the  confiscation  and  destruction  which  befell  the  last  Sir 
William  Pepperrell  at  the  close  of  the  American  Revolution, 
for  his  siding  with  the  crown,  passed  into  the  Sheafife  family 
of  Portsmouth,  descendants  of  a  daughter  of  Sir  William, 
and  by  them  was  placed  on  deposit  in  the  Athenasum  Li- 
brary of  that  city ;  that  of  his  wife  has  disappeared.  That  of 
Pepperrell  remains,  it  is  believed,  among  Sir  Peter  Warren's 
descendants  in  England,  but  a  replica  is  now  preserved  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts.  Of  the  subsequent  events  following 
the  capture,  and  the  brilliant  career  of  Warren,  time  does 
not  permit  me  to  speak.  He  died  at  Dublin  in  1752,  and 
lies  buried  with  his  ancestors  in  Warrenstown,  Ireland.  A 
splendid  monument  by  Roubiliac,  in  the  north  transept  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  on  which,  surrounded  by  naval  tro- 
phies, his  bust  appears,  commemorates  his  services  to  Great 
Britain." 

The  chairman  then  introduced  His  Honor  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Daly,  who  spoke  as  follows  : 

"  I  am  requested  to  perform  the  agreeable  duty  of  unveiling 
this  monument,  and  I  "shall  do  so  with  the  greatest  possible 
pleasure.  You  will  be  good  enough  to  observe  by  the  pro- 
gramme that,  as  I  have  stated,  my  only  duty  is  to  unveil  the 
monument,  and  you  will  not  therefore  expect  a  speech  from 
me.  The  delivery  of  addresses  is  a  duty  that  has  been  as- 
signed to  those  who  have  preceded  me.  They  have  so 
thoroughly  fulfilled  their  task,  and  so  fully  and  with  so  much 
eloquence  dwelt  upon  all  the  interesting  details  of  the  events 
that  call  forth  to-day's  celebration,  that,  were  I  even  requested 
or  inclined  to  speak  to  you  at  length,  I  could  find  but  little 
to  add  to  what  has  already  been  said  in  far  more  eloquent 
and  graceful  language  than  I  can  use. 

"  But  I  feel  that  I  must  trespass,  if  only  for  a  few  moments, 
upon  your  time. 

"  We  are  not  here  to-day  for  the  purpose  of  exulting  over 
the  defeat  of  a  brave  and  noble  foe.     In  Canada  at  least  no 

liii 


At 


-  ^IWW^?'«^sr- 


APPENDIX. 

such  imputation  can  with  truth  be  made.  In  this  country, 
where  monuments  to  the  heroic  Wolfe  and  to  the  equally 
heroic  Montcalm  stand  on  the  same  plain  where  they  gave 
their  lives  for  their  respective  countries,  there  is  no  room  left 
for  any  one  to  imagine  that  there  exists  an  idea  of  wounding 
the  susceptibilities  of  those  who  are  descended  from  the 
former  owners  of  this  country.  This  monument  is,  I  be- 
lieve, erected  to  commemorate  an  important  and  interesting 
historical  event.  It  will  mark  the  spot  where  the  military 
prowess  and  the  bravery  of  what  were  *  mere  colonists '  (we 
have  now  passed  the  stage  of  *  mere '  colonists)  were  dis- 
played against  regular  and  brave  trained  forces.  It  is 
erected,  not  by  foreigners  or  an  alien  nation,  but  by  a  so- 
ciety which,  though  it  may  have  its  headquarters  in  New 
York,  has  its  branches  elsewhere,  and  has  its  members  from 
Nova  Scotia  as  well.  It  boasts  of  a  constitution  that  re- 
quires its  members  to  be  of  Colonial  descent  from  the  days 
prior  to  American  independence,  and  prior  to  1775.  So 
that  you  will  observe  that  this  is  not  a  national  or  govern- 
mental undertaking,  but  simply  the  act  of  a  number  of  cul- 
tured gentlemen  who  form  a  society  with  the  object  of 
'  preserving  historical  records  and  emblems  relating  to  the 
American  Colonial  period,' and  *to  inspire  in  its  members 
the  fraternal  and  patriotic  spirit  of  their  forefathers.' 

"  Such  being  the  case,  I  beg  to  extend  to  these  gentlemen  of 
the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  a  cordial  greeting  to  Nova 
Scotia.  It  is  true  they  belong  to  an  independent  nation,  but 
they  boast  of  descent  from  Colonial  ancestors,  and  rightly 
claim  fraternity  with  us,  and  we  in  return  are  delighted  to 
claim  brotherhood  with  them.  Their  very  presence  here, 
and  for  such  a  purpose  as  to-day's  celebration,  is  evidence 
of  nothing  else  than  the  best  of  good-will.  Proud  as  they 
are  of  their  own  institutions,  we  would  fain  imagine  that  they 
possess  a  lingering,  lasting,  and  almost  a  longing  regard  for 
our  own  glorious  nationality.  At  all  events  we  give  them  a 
friendly  welcome,  and  trust  their  recollections  of  this  visit  to 
Canada  will  be  pleasant  and  agreeable. 

' '  We  are  favored  also  to-day  by  the  presence  of  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  ships — and  how  appropriate,  too,  it  is  that  on  such 

liv 


'( 


■u 


V 


T't 


••▼WW 


APPENDIX. 


. 


an  occasion  the  name  of  such  ship  should  be  the  *  Canada.' 
We  can  congratulate  ourselves  upon  the  presence  of  her  dis- 
tinguished captain,  and  to  him  and  his  officers  and  ship's 
company  we  owe  much  for  adding  interest  and  pomp  to  this 
celebration.  Just  as  the  presence  of  Commodore  Warren 
and  the  English  fleet  was  necessary  to  the  success  of  the 
operations  of  1745— for,  had  they  not  been  here  then,  the 
'Vigilante'  and  her  timely  aid  would  have  reached  the 
besieged,  the  New  England  expedition  might  have  ended  in 
failure— so  to-day  the  brave  Captain  Wilson  and  his  good 
ship  'Canada'  have  done  everything  possible  to  complete 
and  acsure  the  success  of  this  demonstration. 

"And  now  I  am  not  going  to  talk  to  you  about  his- 
torical incidents,  the  story  of  which  is  forced  upon  our  minds 
to-day.  I  shall  say  nothing  about  Shirley,  Pepperrell, 
Warren,  Duchambon  and  the  rest— they  have  all  been  done 
ample  justice  to ;  nor  shall  I  mention  Parson  Moody  and  the 
others.  You  must  know  all  about  them,  for  I  dare  say  that 
many  of  you  have,  like  myself,  refreshed  your  memories 
for  this  occasion  from  the  pages  of  Murdoch,  Campbell, 
or  the  more  delightful  Parkman. 

"  I  feel  that  I  have  sufficiently  taxed  your  good  nature ; 
doubtless  you  are  all  now  burning  with  an  eager  desire  that 
I  should  perform  my  duty  and  disclose  the  graceful  pro- 
portions of  the  monument.  I  shall  no  longer  keep  your 
curiosity  ungratified. 

"I  now  unveil  this  monument,  and  shall  conclude  my 
remarks  with  the  expression  of  my  most  heartfelt  hope  that 
it  may  long  stand  as  a  memorial  to  the  purposes  for  which  it 
has  been  erected.  And  also  that  it  may  be  looked  upon  as 
a  symbol  of  the  fraternal  good  will  that  exists  (and  may  it 
ever  exist)  between  New  England  and  Old  England  ;  and 
that  every  Canadian  who  may  gaze  upon  it  may  learn  the 
lesson  plainly  taught  by  it,  that  what  Colonists  have  done 
before,  Colonists  can  do  again." 


At  3.5s  P.M.  His  Honor  pulled  the  cords  holding  the  veil 
and  displayed  the  monument  to  the  assembled  multitude, 
the  band  playing  "God  Save  the  Queen"  and  the  troops 

Iv 


APPENDIX. 


•  "i 


presenting  arms,  while  the  audience  applauded  and  cheered. 
Three  cheers  were  then  given  for  the  commander,  officers, 
and  men  of  Her  Majesty's  ship  "  Canada,"  after  which  Cap- 
tain Wilson  made  a  few  well-chosen  remarks.  The  Rev. 
T.  Fraser  Draper,  of  Louisbourg,  then  pronounced  the 
benediction,  after  which  the  band  again  played  the  national 
anthem,  the  troops  presenting  arms  and  the  audience  stand- 
ing bareheaded.  The  monument  was  then  photographed, 
with  the  members  and  their  guests  grouped  around  it.  The 
line  of  march  was  then  taken  to  the  shore,  the  blue-jackets 
and  marines  following,  with  their  drum  and  fife  corps  play- 
ing American  airs.  The  members  and  their  guests  then,  on 
invitation  of  Captain  Wilson,  were  conveyed  on  board  H.  M. 
S.  "Canada"  in  the  warship's  boats,  and  kindly  entertained 
with  refreshments.  "The  arrangements  for  the  celebration 
were  practically  perfect  and  were  carried  out  without  a  hitch. 
Not  a  mishap  of  any  kind  occurred  to  mar  the  pleasure  of 
the  day's  proceedings,  although  the  gathering  was  the 
largest  Louisbourg  has  witnessed  in  modern  times.  Every- 
body left  the  grounds,  the  scene  of  bloody  conflict  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  ago,  feeling  that  the  people  of  Canada 
and  the  United  States  were  nearer  together  than  ever  before, 
and  mentally  vowing  that,  if  they  could  prevent  it,  neither 
England  nor  the  United  States  nor  England  and  France 
should  ever  again  meet  in  bloody  strife  on  the  battlefield. 
Canada,  as  the  representative  of  Great  Britain,  clasped 
hands  in  friendship  with  the  United  States  across  the  bloody 
chasms  of  1 776  and  1812,  and  both  extended  the  olive  branch 
of  peace  and  fraternity  to  brave  and  chivalrous  France  and 
her  warm-hearted  sons  on  this  continent ;  and  so  auspiciously 
the  third  capture  of  Louisbourg,  by  the  combined  Ameri- 
can and  Canadian  forces,  on  June  17,  1895,  ended."* 

After  being  entertained  on  H.  M.  S.  "  Canada,"  the  party 
returned  to  the  waiting  train,  and  reached  Sydney  at  7.30 
P.M.,  where  the  column  was  again  formed,  and,  headed  by 
the  band,  the  line  of  march  was  taken  to  the  Hall,  where 
addresses  were  presented  to  His  Honor  Governor  Daly  by 

*  TAe  Morning  Chronicle,  Halifax,  June  18,  1895. 

Ivi 


.7, ^^TS     I'- 


O 
UJ 

_J 

Ul 

> 
z 

3 


s    - 

=>       rC 

Z      - 
O       a> 

(3 
ct 

o 

OQ 


3 
O 


i 


'i 


APPENDIX. 

the  county  of  Cape  Breton  and  city  of  Sydney,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  being  given  seats  on  the  platform.  The 
party  was  again  assembled  in  the  parlor  of  the  Sydney  Hotel 
at  lo  P.M.,  and  an  address  presented  by  the  Warden  and  Mu- 
nicipal Council  of  the  county  of  Cape  Breton,  and  by  His 
Worship  the  Mayor  and  the  Council  of  Sydney,  responses  to 
which  were  made  by  Mr.  Norton,  of  the  Vermont  Society, 
and  Mr.  Wyman,  of  the  Illinois  Society. 

Hon.  A.  G.  Jones,  of  Halifax,  a  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts  Society,  then  made  a  few  remarks  in  relation  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  celebration,  and  the  great  interest  taken  in  the 
event  by  the  people  of  Cape  Breton.  The  thanks  of  the 
delegation  were  then  expressed  to  Superintendent  Laurie,  of 
the  Intercolonial  Railway,  for  the  courtesies  shown  them,  to 
which  he  responded  ;  and  then  with  singing  of  "  Auld  Lang 
Syne  "  the  eventful  day  was  closed. 

The  party  then  retired  to  their  special  cars,  and  started 
on  their  homeward  journey  at  5  a.m.,  June  i8th,  reaching 
Halifax  at  6  p.m.  Before  the  train  started,  the  English  flag 
borne  in  the  procession,  which  was  loaned  by  Major  W. 
McK.  McLeod,  commanding  Battery  ''F,"  Sydney  Artil- 
lery, was  sent  to  the  chairman  with  the  following  note  : 

Sydney,  C.  B.,  yune  17,  1895. 
HowLAND  Pell,  Esq., 

Chairman,  Society  of  Colonial  Wars. 

Dear  Mr.  Pell:  I  send  herewith  the  "Union  Jack" 
which  has  floated  over  our  Field  Battery  Camp  each  year 
since  1887.  I  am  sorry  it  is  so  tattered  and  frayed,  but 
these  are,  after  all,  merely  the  evidences  of  service  and  duty, 
bloodless  truly,  but  none  the  less  faithful.  If  its  condition 
permits  of  its  use  to-day  it  will  gratify  me  greatly  to  know 
that  the  "Star-spangled  Banner"  and  our  own  loved 
"Jack,"  waving  side  by  side  at  Louisbourg,  may  justly  be 
regarded  as  an  event  pregnant  with  significance,  not  to  the 
people  of  the  American  Republic  and  the  British  Empire 
alone,  but  as  well  to  those  of  all  other  nations. 

The  mission  upon  which  you  and  your  confreres  have 
come  to  Cape  Breton  is,  I  believe,  without  parallel;  it  is 

Ivii 


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APPENDIX. 

unique.  This  is  the  "long  wharf  of  America  " — is  it  mere 
coincidence  that  on  the  very  extremity  of  this  continent, 
washed  by  the  "  rollers  "  direct  from  Europe,  representatives 
of  two  mighty  nations,  kindred  but  long  dissevered,  should 
meet  and  entwine  their  flags  in  a  pacific  and  honorable  act  ? 

May  I  ask  you  to  do  us  the  favor  of  retaining  this  "  Union 
Jack"  without  separating  it  from  its  starry  companion  of 
June  17,  1895? 

In  haste  and  with  kindest  wishes,  believe  me, 
Faithfully  yours, 

William  McKenzie  McLeod. 

As  showing  the  interest  taken  in  the  event,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  the  Sydney  Advocate  issued  a  special  edition, 
handsomely  illustrated,  giving  a  full  account  of  the  siege, 
present  condition  of  the  town  of  Louisbourg,  description  and 
cut  of  the  monument,  and  an  account  of  the  Society. 
Several  thousand  copies  were  sold.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Draper, 
of  Louisbourg,  in  charge  of  the  Church  of  England  bazaar, 
on  the  17th  inst.,  had  beautiful  silver  souvenir  spoons,  with 
a  good  representation  of  the  monument,  and  silver  scarf- 
pins  representing  the  "  Louisbourg  Camp  Colour."  Divers 
went  down  in  the  harbor  a  few  days  before  the  celebration, 
and  brought  up  two  large  iron  cannon,  pieces  of  a  bronze 
cannon,  and  some  cannon  balls  of  various  calibre.  The  train 
stopped  for  dinner  at  the  town  of  New  Glasgow,  and  the  pro- 
prietor at  the  hotel  had  the  following  bill  of  fare  printed  : 

HOTEL  VENDOME. 

Society  of  Colonial  Wars  Returning  From 
Louisbourg. 

rations. 

Colonial  Soup. 

Salmon,  ^  la  Warren.    Tongue,  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Spring  Lamb,  Acadian. 

Roast  Beef,  John  Bull,  Pepperrell  Sauce.     French  Pickles. 

Gabarus  Potatoes.     Pomeroy  Peas. 

New  England  Pumpkin  Pie.    Louisbourg  Pudding. 

Strawberries,  Isle  Royale. 

"nil  desperandum  christo  duce." 

Iviii 


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—is  it  mere 
continent, 
resentatives 
red,  should 
orable  act  ? 
lis  "  Union 
npanion  of 


McLeod. 

it  may  be 
ial  edition, 
the  siege, 
iption  and 
;  Society, 
r.  Draper, 
id  bazaar, 
>ons,  with 
ver  scarf- 
Divers 
lebration, 
a  bronze 
The  train 
1  the  pro- 
inted  : 


ROM 

!lle. 

Pickles. 

ng- 


LOUISBOURG     MEMORIAL. 


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APPENDIX. 

At  Truro  a  telegram  was  received  from  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Daly,  wishing  the  delegation  a  bon  voyage,  to 
which  kind  wish  a  suitable  answer  was  wired,  and  on  reach- 
ing Halifax,  proper  resolutions  were  drawn  up  and  signed, 
thanking  His  Honor  for  his  courtesy  and  kindness.  The 
delegation  was  driven  about  the  city  and  entertained  at 
dinner  at  the  Halifax  Club,  and  a  most  enjoyable  trip  brought 
to  a  close — the  members  returning  home  by  sea  and  rail. 


DESCRIPTION    OF    THE   LOUISBOURG 
MONUMENT. 

A  few  hundred  yards  from  the  shore  of  Louisbourg  har- 
bor, at  the  westerly  side  of  the  present  ruins  of  the  fortress 
of  Louisbourg,  is  a  redoubt  connected  by  a  causeway  with 
the  King's  Bastion,  where  General  Pepperrell  received  the 
keys  of  the  fortress  from  Governor  Duchambon  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  assembled  troops.  It  is  a  prominent  position, 
visible  for  miles  ;  and  it  was  on  this  spot  that,  on  June  17, 
1895,  the  Louisbourg  monument  was  dedicated. 

The  monument  is  a  polished  granite  shaft  of  the  Roman 
Tuscan  order,  slightly  modified  as  to  proportion,  standing  on 
a  base  which  rests  on  a  square  pedestal  or  die  four  feet  high, 
which  in  turn  stands  on  a  heavy  square  block  or  platform. 

The  capital  of  the  column  is  surmounted  by  a  polished 
ball,  two  feet  in  diameter,  of  a  dark  red  New  Brunswick 
granite.  From  a  distance  it  appears  as  a  rusted  cannon 
ball  and  stands  as  a  typical  emblem  of  war. 

The  polished  shaft  and  die  are  of  the  New  Brunswick 
Lily  Lake  granite,  being  of  the  same  character,  but  lighter 
in  color. 

The  monument,  not  including  its  foundation,  weighs 
about  sixteen  tons,  and  stands  twenty-six  feet  high  above  the 
circular  mound  which  rises  four  feet  above  the  redoubt. 

The  monument  was  erected  "by  Epps,  Dodds  &  Co.,  of  St. 
George,  New  Brunswick. 

There  are  inscriptions  on  the  four  sides  of  the  die,  which 
read  as  follows : 


APPENDIX. 


TO 

COMMEMORATE 

THE  CAPTURE 

OF  LOUISBOURQ 

A.  D.  1745 


I 


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If 


ERECTED 
BY  THE  SOCIETY 

OF 
COLONIAL  WARS 

A.  D.  1895 


"PROVINCIAL  FORCES" 

MASSACHUSETTS  BAY 

CONNECTICUT 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

4,000  MEN 

UNDER 

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  PEPPERRELL 

"BRITISH  FLEET" 

10  SAIL 

500  GUNS 

UNDER 

COMMODORE  WARREN 

"PROVINCIAL  FLEET" 

16  ARMED  VESSELS 

19  TRANSPORTS 

240  GUNS 

UNDER 

CAPTAIN  TYNG 

\% 


APPENDIX. 

TO 

OUR 

HEROIC 

DEAD 


I 


"FRENCH  FORCES" 

2,500  REGULARS 

MILITIA  AND  SEAMEN 

UNDER 

GOVERNOR  DUCHAMBON 

At  a  meeting  of  the  General  Council  of  the  Society  held 
December  19,  1895,  it  was  ordered  that  a  set  of  resolutions 
thanking  Governor  Daly  for  his  services  in  unveiling  the 
monument  be  prepared  and  forwarded  to  him. 

The  resolutions  were  engrossed,  suitably  framed,  and  pre- 
sented to  Governor  Daly  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  on  February 
26,  1896,  by  the  Hon.  A.  G.  Jones,  P.C,  a  member  of  the 
Society. 

HowLAND  Pell, 

Chairman. 


hi 


Ixi 


